J/other/PhRvR/5.ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/other/PhRvR/5.B3145CDSVogt F.P.A.Mehner A.Figueira P.Yu S.Kerber F.Pfrommer T.,Hackenberg W.Bonaccini Calia D.2023-11-03T12:03:40Z2023-07-07T09:39:42ZCDS support team

CDS, Observatoire de Strasbourg, 11 rue de l'Universite, F-67000 Strasbourg, France

cds-question@unistra.frsolar-systemearth-planetspectroscopyGround-based optical astronomical observations supported by or in the vicinity of laser guide-star systems can be contaminated by Raman-scattered laser photons. Anticipating, alleviating, and correcting for the impact of this self-inflicted contamination requires a detailed knowledge of the pure-rotational and rotational-vibrational spectrum of the molecules in our atmosphere. We present a 15.3hr-deep combined spectrum of the 4LGSF's 589nm=509THz sodium laser beams of Paranal observatory, acquired with the ESPRESSO spectrograph at a resolution {lambda}/{Delta}{lambda}{cong.to}140000{cong.to}0.12cm^-1^ and an altitude of 23km above mean sea level. We identify 865 Raman lines over the spectral range of [3770; 7900]{AA}~[+9540;-4315]cm^-1^, with relative intensities spanning ~5 orders of magnitudes. These lines are associated to the most abundant molecules of dry air, including their isotopes: ^14^N^14^N, ^14^N^15^N, ^16^O^16^O, ^16^O^17^O, ^16^O^18^O, and ^14^C^16^O^16^O. The signal-to-noise of these observations implies that professional observatories can treat the resulting catalogue of Raman lines as exhaustive (for the detected molecules, over the observed Raman shift range) for the purpose of predicting/correcting/exploiting Raman lines in astronomical data. Our observations also reveal that the four laser units of the 4LGSF do not all lase at the same central wavelength. We measure a blueshift of +43+/-10MHz~=-50+/-10fm with respect to {lambda}_4_=5891.59120{AA} for LGSU1/2, and +94+/-10MHz=-109+/-10fm for LGSU3/4. These offsets, including the difference of ~50MHz between LGSU1/2 and LGSU3/4, are larger than the observed 4LGSF spectral stability of +/-3MHz over hours. They remain well within the operational requirements for creating artificial laser guide-stars, but hinder the assessment of the radial velocity accuracy of ESPRESSO at the required level of 10m/s. Altogether, our observations demonstrate how Raman lines can be exploited by professional observatories as highly-accurate, on-sky wavelength references.2023PhRvR...5b3145Vhttps://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/cat/J/other/PhRvR/5.B3145CatalogResearchIsServedByTAP VizieR generic servicehttps://cds.unistra.fr/vizier-org/licences_vizier.htmlhttps://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/other/PhRvR/5.B3145https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/other/PhRvR/5.B3145http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/other/PhRvR/5.B3145https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/other/PhRvR/5.B3145https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/other/PhRvR/5.B3145http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/other/PhRvR/5.B3145GETtext/xml+votablehttps://tapvizier.cds.unistra.fr/TAPVizieR/tapdefaultJ/other/PhRvR/5.B3145/table4Observing log for ESO P.Id. 4104.L-0074AltTelescope pointing altitudedegpos.earth.altitudefloatFocTelescope focus valuemminstr.paramfloatTexpExposure timestime.duration;obs.exposurefloatLGSU1LGSU1 on-sky statusmeta.code.statuscharLGSU2LGSU2 on-sky statusmeta.code.statuscharLGSU3LGSU3 on-sky statusmeta.code.statuscharLGSU4LGSU4 on-sky statusmeta.code.statuscharSetID? Exposure set IDmeta.idintnullableCommentSpecial commentmeta.notecharrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintId[1/175] Sequential numbermeta.recordintNameRaw filenamemeta.id;meta.maincharJ/other/PhRvR/5.B3145/table5List of Raman lines in the ESPRESSO spectrumrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintRShiftRaman shift valuecm**-1stat.fit.omc;phys.energydoubleLvacObserved vacuum wavelength0.1nmem.wldoublelogIrat? Log of line intensity w.r.t. Rayleigh linespect.line.intensityfloatnullableMolNameMolecule namemeta.id;phys.molcharNuUp? Upper nu levelphys.energy;phys.atmol.levelintnullableNuDown? Lower nu levelphys.energy;phys.atmol.levelintnullableDeltaN[OQS] Delta Nstat.fit.omc;phys.energycharDeltaJ[OPQRS] Delta Jstat.fit.omc;phys.energycharJlower? J lower valuephys.energy;phys.atmol.levelintnullableNlower? N lower valuephys.energy;phys.atmol.levelintnullable