J/other/NatAs/3.ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/other/NatAs/3.320doi:10.26093/cds/vizier/dt/dkdcaCDSChen X.Wang S.Deng L.De Grijs R.Liu C.Tian H.2026-03-04T20:03:00Z2023-08-30T16:31:46ZCDS support team

CDS, Observatoire de Strasbourg, 11 rue de l'Universite, F-67000 Strasbourg, France

cds-question@unistra.frvariable-starsinfrared-photometrystellar-distanceproper-motionsradial-velocityvisible-astronomytrigonometric-parallaxThe Milky Way's neutral hydrogen (HI) disk is warped and flared. However, a dearth of accurate HI-based distances has thus far prevented the development of an accurate Galactic Disk model. Moreover, the extent to which our Galaxy's stellar and gas disk morphologies are mutually consistent is also unclear. Classical Cepheids, primary distance indicators with distance accuracies of 3-5%, offer a unique opportunity to develop an intuitive and accurate three-dimensional picture. Here, we establish a robust Galactic Disk model based on 1339 classical Cepheids. We provide strong evidence that the warp's line of nodes is not oriented in the Galactic Centre-Sun direction. Instead, it subtends a mean angle of 17.5{deg}+/-1{deg} (formal)+/-3{deg} (systematic) and exhibits a leading spiral pattern. Our Galaxy thus follows Briggs' rule for spiral galaxies, which suggests that the origin of the warp is associated with torques forced by the massive inner disk. The stellar disk traced by Cepheids follows the gas disk in terms of their amplitudes; the stellar disk extends to at least 20kpc. This morphology provides a crucial, updated map for studies of the kinematics and archaeology of the Galactic Disk.2019NatAs...3..320Chttps://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/cat/J/other/NatAs/3.320CatalogResearchIsServedByTAP VizieR generic serviceIsServedByConesearch servicehttps://cds.unistra.fr/vizier-org/licences_vizier.htmlhttps://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/other/NatAs/3.320https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/other/NatAs/3.320http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/other/NatAs/3.320https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/other/NatAs/3.320https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/other/NatAs/3.320http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/other/NatAs/3.320GETtext/xml+votablehttps://tapvizier.cds.unistra.fr/TAPVizieR/tapCone search capability for table J/other/NatAs/3.320/tabled1 (Cepheid catalogue used in the research)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/other/NatAs/3.320/tabled1?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/other/NatAs/3.320/tabled1?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/other/NatAs/3.320/tabled1?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true303.226642732.70115070.0055555555555555564/2333 5/763 907 3580 3603 3607 3650 3661 3842 3853 3863 3908 5905 9341 9430 9437 9455 9474-9475 9480-9482 9841 9854 10754-10755 6/336 1139 1239 1282 1290 1292 1296 1323 1326 1329 1331-1332 1340 1348 1358 1383 1388 1402 1411 1420-1421 1426 1429-1432 1438 1441 1445 1453 1458 1465 1467 1475 1624-1625 1631 1653 1661 1684 1704 1757-1758 1763 1765 1775 1780 1782-1783 1789-1790 1794 1796 1798 1805 1817 1824 1829-1830 1832 1836-1837 1858 1861 1920 1922-1923 1925-1926 1931 1933 1935 1941 1944 1952 1962 2325 2374 2453 2525 2540 2684 2799 2805 2873 2982 3000 3005 3008 3020 3022 3024-3025 3031 3033 3038 3045 3047 3050 3059-3061 3063 3068 3070-3071 3131 3155 3157 3162-3163 3166 3170 3175 3182-3183 3186 3190 3192 3196 3251-3252 3255 3261 3263 3266 3268 3270 3274 3279-3280 3284-3285 3297 3304 3306 3309 3316-3318 3321-3322 3328-3329 3336-3337 3342 3362 3364-3365 3368 3378 3459 3467 3472 3589-3590 3594 3599-3601 3606 3615-3616 3621 3627 3632 3635 3640-3641 3645 3648 3650 3656 3663 3665 3667 3682 3712-3714 3719 3721-3724 3728 3731 3737 3744 3747 3756 4095 4110 4150 4563 4654 4769 5335 5802 5869 6160 6369 6701 6811 6857 7290 7531 8453 8584 9261 9395 9582 9599 9687 9765 9931 9950 10189 10705 11327 11957 12132 12436 12623 12685 12715 12833 12846 12851 12872 12910 12912 12916 12925 12960 12963 12968 12970-12972 12984-12985 12987 12991 12993 13026 13032 13037 13110 13125 13201 13210 13240 13253 13288 13296 13300 13309-13310 13483 13639 13732 13774 13814 13854 13858 13931 13933 13952 13959 13965 13990 13995 14012 14019 14047 14049 14059-14060 14074-14075 14078 14119 14127 14131 14171 14199 14205 14214 14229 14238 14240 14246 14249 14251 14253 14262-14263 14266-14267 14269 14271 14282-14283 14286 14291-14292 14295 14297-14301 14303-14304 14311 14313-14315 14317 14319 14324 14326 14328-14329 14332 14337 14340-14341 14343 14345 14349 14352 14354-14356 14358-14361 14363-14364 14366 14385 14389-14390 14400-14402 14404 14406-14409 14411 14416 14418 14421-14424 14426-14427 14432 14434-14436 14438 14445 14448-14449 14452-14453 14455 14457 14480 14501 14524 14533 14536 14539 14551 14560 14569 14606-14607 14613 14616 14618-14619 14625-14626 14628-14630 14633-14634 14636-14637 14640-14641 14650 14653 14659 14663-14664 14666 14677 14679 14681-14683 14685-14690 14695 14698 14700 14704-14705 14707 14709-14710 14715 14718 14723-14726 14729 14736-14737 14748 14770 14793 14797 14805 14810 14897 14929 14943 15168 15202-15203 15216 15235 15288 15360 15363 15366 15373-15375 15378 15385-15390 15392-15393 15396-15398 15401 15404 15407 15409 15411 15416 15423-15425 15429-15432 15435 15437-15438 15441-15442 15445-15446 15448 15450-15451 15457-15459 15461 15469 15473-15474 15477 15480 15485 15498 15501 15556 15575 15577 15585 15604 15617-15618 15620-15622 15624-15626 15629 15637-15639 15643 15645-15646 15649 15652 15654 15656 15664 15666 15682-15684 15688-15689 15698 15701 15703 15726 15728 15744 15939 15948 15986 16023 16246 16656 17071 17424 17561 17882 18013 18389 18819 19033 19110 19720 20085 20166 20196 20411 20726 20736 20803-20805 20807 20811-20812 20814 20818 20820 20822 20827 20833 20838 20849-20850 20852 20854-20855 20861-20863 20891 20928 20944-20945 20950 20957 20964 20971 20975 20977-20978 20980 20983 21017 21068 21072-21073 21109 21152 21286 21320 21332 21349 21438 21440 21509 21511 21514 21516 21528 21539 21542 21551 21632 21634-21635 21638 21641 21644 21646 21648 21664-21666 21668 21671-21672 21674 21677 21679 21683 21686 21704 21735 21864 21965 21992 22020 22024 22039 22042 22044 22049 22055 22063-22066 22068-22069 22071 22073-22075 22078 22106 22112 22115 22122-22124 22134 22149 22168-22169 22172 22181-22182 22191 22193 22207-22208 22210 22212-22214 22217-22219 22221 22223 22227 22241 22245 22255 22267-22268 22270 22280 22284 22335 22437 22447 22490 22600 22788 22893 23377 23387 23617 23619 23627 23635 23639 23641 23650 23659-23660 23662-23663 23669-23670 23674 23676 23745 23748 23755 23762-23763 23769-23770 23772 23778 23796-23797 23808 23816 23822 23828 23835 23841 23846 23852 23858 23915 23922 23936 23947 23963 23967 23972-23973 24002 24012 24017 24046 24088 24105 24138 24145 24149 24153 24156 24205 24245 24291 24324 24326 24336 24339-24340 24364 24372 24380 24401 24408 24424 24427 24450 24453 24458 24470 24478-24479 24481-24482 24507 24518 24524 24535 24546 24551 24623 24682 24759 24813 24835 24917 24957 25165 25848 25883 26090 26193 26688 26908 28280 28682-28683 28687 28692-28693 28696 28711 28716-28717 28721 28724-28725 28734 28744-28746 28763 28766 28769-28771 28776 28779 28782 28789 28792-28794 28802 28807-28809 28811 28813 28815 28819 28825 28830-28831 28833 28840 28857 28864 28873-28875 28881 28883 28893 28895 28904 28907 28913 28916 28918-28920 28923 28925 28930 28969-28970 28974 28984 28991 29000-29001 29012 29029 29032 29042 29057 29073 29081 29089-29091 29095 29102 29104 29106 29109-29110 29112 29115 29118-29119 29126 29129 29134 29143 29154 29157 29159-29160 29163 29166-29168 29170 29182 29191 29194 29201 29206 29209 29213 29216 29229 29245 29249 29252-29253 29262 29265 29268 29273 29276-29277 29281-29283 29285 29287 29289 29291 29311 29318 29320 29355 29394 29428 29451-29452 29455-29456 29462 29468 29476 29482 29488 29501-29502 29504 29506-29507 29510-29511 29518 29521 29523 29525-29526 29533 29540 29542 29558 29563 29577 29593 29609 29615 29652 29662 29665 29676 29772 29820 29847 29852 29859 29864 29870 29874-29875 29884-29885 30000 30006 30042 30090 30105 30108 30110 30117 30124 30128 30156 30174 30191 30210-30211 30214 30219 30222-30223 30225 30230 30235 30239 30241 30245 30256-30258 30260 30262 30264-30265 30270 30277 30282 30290 30305 30307 30311-30314 30319 30321-30322 30327 30331 30333-30334 30348 30354 30358 30382 30384 30387 30389 30401-30402 30420 30427 30438 30446 30448 30452 30460 30486 30504 30537 30552-30553 30580 30588 30607 30609 30620 30622 30625 30628 30632 30635 30637 30641 30645-30646 30650 30652 30657-30659 30662 30668-30669 30672 30677 30688 30691-30692 30694 30698 30701 30715-30717 30719 30773 30775 30793 30927 30941 30966 31015 31019 31043 31083 31105 31192 31239 31416-31417 31495 31578 31711 31744 31774 31792 31798 31800-31801 31815 31847 31866 31873 31883 31979 32005-32006 32009 32012 32027 32029 32047 32058 32064 32066-32067 32069 32074 32080-32081 32084 32124 32170 32237 32276 32373 32543 32608 32823 32926 32979 33001 33113 33189 33384 33401 33804 33884 33893 34760 34880 35387 36282 36705 36907 37035 37203 37207 37211 37214 37216-37218 37221 37223 37225 37233-37236 37240 37245-37247 37302-37303 37319 37321 37325-37326 37347 37351-37352 37355 37357 37359 37361-37363 37369 37371-37373 37395 37501 37530 37640 37674 37701 37705-37706 37709-37713 37715-37718 37725-37726 37729 37731 37733-37737 37739 37741 37745-37747 37752 37755 37757-37758 37762 37776 37783 37791 37809 37812-37813 37827-37829 37831-37832 37836 37838 37845 37850 37856 37859 37861 37864 37867 37869-37874 37878 37884 37886 37888 37891-37893 37895 37904 37906 37912-37914 37917 37932 37934 37936 37938 37946 37978 38016-38018 38020 38022-38024 38026-38027 38029 38031-38032 38042 38048-38049 38069 38090 38160 38306 38403 38408 38417 38431 38435 38453 38556 38596 38627 38722 38840 38990 39125 39184 39191 39196 39216 39220 39225 39228 39231-39232 39238-39239 39241 39243-39245 39249-39250 39256-39258 39263-39265 39267 39270-39271 39277 39279 39283 39286 39289 39293 39305 39314 39317 39321 39348 39353 39357 39369 39372 39374 39378 39381-39382 39386 39392 39394-39395 39402 39404-39406 39410 39697 39701 39703-39705 39709 39725 39735 39737-39738 39743 39748-39750 39753-39755 39759 39766 39768 39771 39773 39779-39780 39782 39784-39785 39787 39789-39791 39793-39794 39796 39799 39804-39805 39824 39829 39831 39837-39838 39855 39860 39862 39871-39873 39875-39876 39879-39880 39883 39885-39887 39889 39891-39892 39894-39896 39898 39903 39905 39908 39913 39916 39920 39923 39926-39928 39930 39932-39933 39935 39940 39973 39977 40056 40137 40265 40463 40472 40491 40494 40555 40566 40576 40608 40613 40619-40620 40634 40651 40666 40747 40826 41130 41212 41239 41315 41375 41385 41411 41419 41455 41458 41461 41468-41469 41529 41549 41568 41579 41583 41587 41589 41591 41594 41599 41605 41608 41614 41616 41618 41622 41625-41626 41631 41637-41638 41643 41646-41647 41649 41651-41652 41654-41657 41661 41664 41667 41671 41673-41677 41681 41683-41685 41688 41696-41698 41713 41718-41719 41721-41722 41731 41737 41750 41754 41759 41762-41763 41766 41768 41771-41772 41777 41780 41792-41793 41804-41805 41810-41811 41813 41818 41833 41837 41842 41860 41862 41872 41876-41877 41888 41894 41925 41949 42022-42023 42088 42116 42118 42123 42151 42153 42155-42156 42159 42164 42166 42170-42171 42177 42185 42193 42196 42198 42214 42223-42224 42226 42229 42231 42249 42264 42278 42290 42300 42308 42310 42329 42331 42336 42350 42354 42356 42375 42378 42381-42382 42385 42387 42391-42392 42403 42418 42430 42436 42445 42450 42452-42453 42460 42466 42478 42491 42498 42500 42513 42524 42536 42548 42563 42576 42578 42587 42602 42819-42821 42824 42829 42850 42855 42876 42936 42957 42965 43010 43012-43013 43024 43028 43040-43042 43044 43046-43047 43056-43057 43136 43168 43257 43383 43484 43722 43788 43864 43998 44079-44080 44318 44359 44369 44378 44406 44438 44967 45121 45457 47105 47107 47164 47203 47276 47281 47506 47623 47627 47637 47654 47658 47726 47780 47783 47830 47833 47842-47843 47846-47847 47849-47850 47853 47915 47961 48047 48066 48094 48106 48108 48348 48508 48810 48824 48839 49006 490583.830199579824256e-20 1.7003137259100215e-19https://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/moc/J/other/NatAs/3.320?format=asciiOpticalInfrareddefaultJ/other/NatAs/3.320/tabled1Cepheid catalogue used in the researchRAJ2000Right Ascension (J2000)degpos.eq.ra;meta.mainrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintDEJ2000Declination (J2000)degpos.eq.dec;meta.mainGLONGalactic longitudedegpos.galactic.lonGLATGalactic latitudedegpos.galactic.latdoublePerPerioddtime.perioddoubleDistDistancekpcpos.distancefloate_DistError of distancekpcstat.errorfloatAKsExtinction in Ks bandmagphys.absorptionfloateextExtinction bias to distance modulusmagphot.mag.distModfloatType[0/1] 0 = Optical, 1= infraredmeta.codeintJmag? 2MASS J band magnitudemagphot.mag;em.IR.JdoublenullableHmag? 2MASS H band magnitudemagphot.mag;em.IR.HdoublenullableKsmag? 2MASS K_s_ band magnitudemagphot.mag;em.IR.KdoublenullableW1mag? Mean WISE W1 (3.35 micron) band magnitudemagphot.mag;em.IR.3-4umdoublenullableW2mag? Mean WISE W2 (4.6 micron) band magnitudemagphot.mag;em.IR.4-8umdoublenullable[3.6]? Spitzer [3.6] band magnitudemagphot.mag;em.IR.3-4umdoublenullable[4.5]? Spitzer [4.5] band magnitudemagphot.mag;em.IR.4-8umdoublenullable[5.8]? Spitzer [5.8] band magnitudemagphot.flux.density;em.IR.4-8umdoublenullable[8.0]? Spitzer [8.0] band magnitudemagphot.flux.density;em.IR.8-15umdoublenullablePlxParallax from Gaia DR2maspos.parallaxdoublee_PlxError of parallaxmasstat.error;pos.parallaxdoublepmRAProper motion in right ascension direction 9pmRA*cosDE) from Gaia DR2mas/yrpos.pm;pos.eq.radoublee_pmRAError of proper motion in right ascension directionmas/yrstat.error;pos.pm;pos.eq.radoublepmDEProper motion in declination direction from Gaia DR2mas/yrpos.pm;pos.eq.decdoublee_pmDEError of proper motion in declination directionmas/yrstat.error;pos.pm;pos.eq.decdoubleRVRadial velocity from Gaia DR2km/sphys.veloc;pos.heliocentricdoublee_RVError of Radial velocitykm/sstat.errordoublevzVelocity in z directionkm/sphys.veloc;pos.cartesian.zdoublee_vzError of velocity in z directionkm/sstat.errordouble