Stars that can see Earth transitJ/other/Nat/594.ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/other/Nat/594.505CDSKaltenegger L.Faherty J.K.2022-11-13T16:43:36Z2022-04-20T07:43:42ZCDS support team
CDS, Observatoire de Strasbourg, 11 rue de l'Universite, F-67000 Strasbourg, France
cds-question@unistra.frvisible-astronomyIn the search for life in the cosmos, transiting exoplanets are currently our best targets. With thousands already detected, our search is entering a new era of discovery with upcoming large telescopes that will look for signs of 'life' in the atmospheres of transiting worlds. Previous work has explored the zone from which Earth would be visible while transiting the Sun. However, these studies considered only the current position of stars, and did not include their changing vantage point over time. Here we report that 1,715 stars within 100 parsecs from the Sun are in the right position to have spotted life on a transiting Earth since early human civilization (about 5,000 years ago), with an additional 319 stars entering this special vantage point in the next 5000 years. Among these stars are seven known exoplanet hosts, including Ross-128, which saw Earth transit the Sun in the past, and Teegarden's Star and Trappist-1, which will start to see it in 29 and 1642 years, respectively. We found that human-made radio waves have already swept over 75 of the closest stars on our list.2021Natur.594..505Khttps://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/cat/J/other/Nat/594.505CatalogResearchIsServedByTAP VizieR generic serviceIsServedByConesearch servicerelated-toI/350 : Gaia EDR3 (Gaia Collaboration, 2020)J/A+A/649/A6 : Gaia Catalogue of Nearby Stars - GCNS (Gaia collaboration, 2021)https://github.com/jfaherty17/ETZ : ETZ Home Pagehttps://cds.unistra.fr/vizier-org/licences_vizier.htmlhttps://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/other/Nat/594.505https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/other/Nat/594.505http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/other/Nat/594.505https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/other/Nat/594.505https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/other/Nat/594.505http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/other/Nat/594.505GETtext/xml+votablehttps://tapvizier.cds.unistra.fr/TAPVizieR/tapCone search capability for table J/other/Nat/594.505/table1 (Stars that can see Earth transit in the +/-5000-year period)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/other/Nat/594.505/table1?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/other/Nat/594.505/table1?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/other/Nat/594.505/table1?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true164.10319037.0027269410.005555555555555556Cone search capability for table J/other/Nat/594.505/table2 (Exoplanet host stars that can see Earth transit in the +/-5000-year period)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/other/Nat/594.505/table2?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/other/Nat/594.505/table2?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/other/Nat/594.505/table2?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true176.9376880.799119970.0055555555555555565/101 257 1178 1196 1538 4571 4573 4580 4642 4679-4680 6047 6068 6083 6779 6885 7223 7244 7312 11202 12030 12183 12225 6/237-239 246-250 252 319 350-351 359 362-366 369-372 395 397-399 402-403 408-410 417-420 448 523 525-527 533-536 538 544-546 576-578 580 582 1027 1032-1033 1040 4311 4317 4319 4340 4342 4345 4347 4359 4365-4368 4370 4376 4387-4390 4393-4396 4480-4482 4488 4679 4685-4690 4696 4707-4708 4710 4716 4757 4759 4763-4766 4775 4781-4783 4788 4792 4800 6147-6150 6176 17406-17407 18090-18091 18093-18094 18102-18106 18108 18125 18127 18137-18139 18141-18143 18145-18150 18239 18281-18283 18290-18291 18300 18307 18310-18314 18316 18324-18325 18368 18495 18538-18542 18547 18550-18553 18555-18557 18567 18572-18573 18578-18582 18592 18624 18701-18703 18714-18715 18724-18726 18736-18737 18755 18757-18762 18768-18770 18772-18773 19456 23925-23927 23929 23931-23932 23934 23995-23998 24007 24011-24014 24016-24018 24032-24034 24040 24183 24187 24239 24246-24247 24249-24253 24263 24266-24270 24288 24290 24327 24331 24337-24338 24340 24344 24353-24356 24360 25599 25663 25668-25670 25673 25675-25676 25678 25697-25699 25704-25706 25749 25751 25757-25759 25779-25780 25782 25785 25787 25792 25794 26127-26130 26136 26138 26149-26151 26157-26158 26160 26243-26244 26249-26251 26272-26273 26275 26280-26282 26965 26967 26972-26974 26995-26996 26998 27000 27003-27004 27006 27087 27089-27091 27096 27102 27109-27111 27120 27128 27455 27459-27462 27465 27467 27488-27490 27496 27498 27548 27550-27551 27569 27571-27572 27574 27576-27578 27580 27584 27648 28887 28891 28908-28910 28913-28915 28920 28957-28959 28967 28973-28974 28980 28995-28998 29000-29002 29057-29058 29064 29207 29213-29215 29228-29229 29231 29233-29236 29240 29242 29252 29256 29313 29315-29317 29320-29322 42975 42997-42999 43001-43004 44349 44351 44359 44364-44366 44368 44370 44385-44388 44392 44394 44436-44438 44441 44443-44444 44446 44455 44461-44466 44472 44663 44669 44671 44755-44756 44758 44761 44763-44764 44773 44781 44783-44786 44792 44794 44803-44804 44806-44807 44812 44814 44816 44832-44834 44840 48111 48117-48118 48124 48571 48573-48575 48603 48606-48607 48611 48613-48617 48620 48624-48626 48628 48701 48703 48731 48742-48746 48748 48752-48754 48756 48774 48779 48781-48782 48786-48790 48800-48802 48899 48904-48906 48908 48912-48913 489261.9867573869263685e-19 3.916500758235022e-19https://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/moc/J/other/Nat/594.505?format=asciiOpticaldefaultJ/other/Nat/594.505/table1Stars that can see Earth transit in the +/-5000-year periodRFRP? Gaia RP Band flux to flux error ratiostat.fit.omcdoublenullablerecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintGaiaEDR3Gaia EDR3 source IDmeta.id;meta.mainTotal162Total time a star spends in the rETZyrtime.intervalintWhen132Note as to whether it is in the rETZ in the Past, Future or Bothmeta.notecharTeff? Effective temperatureKphys.temperature.effectivedoublenullablee_Teff? Effective temperature uncertaintyKstat.error;phys.temperature.effectivedoublenullabler_Teff? Effective temperature reference (G1)meta.ref;pos.frameintnullableMass? MasssolMassphys.massdoublenullablee_Mass? Mass uncertaintysolMassstat.error;phys.massfloatnullabler_Mass? Mass reference (G1)meta.refintnullableRadius? RadiussolRadphys.angSize;srcfloatnullable_RA.icrsRight ascension (ICRS) at Epoch=J2000, proper motions taken into accountdegpos.eq.ranullableindexed_DE.icrsDeclination (ICRS) at Epoch=J2000, proper motions taken into accountdegpos.eq.decnullableindexedRA_ICRSRight Ascension (ICRS) at Ep=2016.0degpos.eq.ra;meta.maine_RA_ICRSUncertainty in Right Ascension (ICRS) at Ep=2016.0degstat.error;pos.eq.radoubleDE_ICRSDeclination (ICRS) at Ep=2016.0degpos.eq.dec;meta.maine_DE_ICRSUncertainty in Declination (ICRS) at Ep=2016.0degstat.error;pos.eq.decdoublePlxParallaxmaspos.parallaxdoublee_PlxParallax Errormasstat.error;pos.parallaxdoubleDist1 over parallax distancepcpos.distancefloatpmRAProper Motion in Right Ascensionmas/yrpos.pm;pos.eq.radoublee_pmRAProper Motion in Right Ascension Errormas/yrstat.error;pos.pm;pos.eq.radoublepmDEProper Motion in Declinationmas/yrpos.pm;pos.eq.decdoublee_pmDEProper Motion in Declination Errormas/yrstat.error;pos.pm;pos.eq.decdoubleGmag? Gaia G Band magnitudemagphot.mag;em.optdoublenullableRFG? Gaia G Band flux to flux error ratiostat.fit.omcdoublenullableBPmag? Gaia BP Band magnitudemagphot.mag;em.opt.BdoublenullableRFBP? Gaia BP Band flux to flux error ratiostat.fit.omcdoublenullableRPmag? Gaia RP Band magnitudemagphot.mag;em.opt.RdoublenullableRUWERenormalised Errorstat.errordoubleStart264Years from 2016 epoch when the star enters the ETZyrtime.intervalinte_Start264Uncertainty on ETZ entranceyrstat.errorintEnd264Years from 2016 epoch when the star exits the ETZyrtime.intervalinte_End264Uncertainty on ETZ exityrstat.errorintTotal264Total time a star spends in the ETZyrtime.intervalintBoth-ETZ?Note of whether it is in both ETZ and rETZmeta.notecharStart162? Years from 2016 epoch when the star enters the rETZyrtime.intervalintnullablee_Start162? Uncertainty on rETZ entranceyrstat.errorintnullableEnd162? Years from 2016 epoch when the star exits the rETZyrtime.intervalintnullablee_End162? Uncertainty on rETZ exityrstat.errorintnullablee_Radius? Radius errorsolRadstat.error;phys.size.radiusfloatnullabler_Radius? Radius reference (G1)meta.ref;pos.frameintnullableLbol? Bolometric luminositysolLumphys.luminositydoublenullablee_Lbol? Bolometric luminosity uncertaintysolLumstat.errordoublenullabler_Lbol? Bolometric luminosity reference (G1)meta.ref;pos.frameintnullable[Fe/H]? Metallicityphys.abund.Zdoublenullablee_[Fe/H]? Metallicity uncertaintystat.error;phys.abund.Fefloatnullabler_[Fe/H]? Metallicity reference (G1)meta.refintnullablelogg? Surface gravitylog(cm.s**-2)phys.gravitydoublenullablee_logg? Surface gravity uncertaintylog(cm.s**-2)stat.errordoublenullabler_logg? Surface gravity reference (G1)meta.ref;pos.frameintnullableSpTypeSpectral type estimate from Gaia CMD positionsrc.spTypecharWhen264Note as to whether it is in the ETZ in the Past, Future or Bothmeta.notechar
J/other/Nat/594.505/table2Exoplanet host stars that can see Earth transit in the +/-5000-year periodTotal162Total time a star spends in the rETZyrtime.intervalintGmagGaia G Band magnitudephot.mag;em.optintPlxParallaxmaspos.parallaxdoublee_Lbol? Bolometric luminosity uncertaintysolLumstat.errordoublenullabler_Lbol? Bolometric luminosity reference (G1)meta.ref;pos.frameintnullable[Fe/H]? Metallicityphys.abund.Zdoublenullable_RA.icrsRight ascension (ICRS) at Epoch=J2000, proper motions taken into accountdegpos.eq.ranullableindexed_DE.icrsDeclination (ICRS) at Epoch=J2000, proper motions taken into accountdegpos.eq.decnullableindexedrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintNameCommon Name of Exoplanet Host Starmeta.id;meta.maincharGaiaEDR3Gaia EDR3 source IDmeta.idRA_ICRSRight Ascension (ICRS) at Ep=2016.0degpos.eq.ra;meta.maine_RA_ICRSUncertainty in Right Ascension (ICRS) at Ep=2016.0degstat.error;pos.eq.radoubleDE_ICRSDeclination (ICRS) at Ep=2016.0degpos.eq.dec;meta.maine_DE_ICRSUncertainty in Declination (ICRS) at Ep=2016.0degstat.error;pos.eq.decdoublepmRAProper Motion in Right Ascensionmas/yrpos.pm;pos.eq.radoublee_pmRAProper Motion in Right Ascension Errormas/yrstat.error;pos.pm;pos.eq.radoublepmDEProper Motion in Declinationmas/yrpos.pm;pos.eq.decdoublee_pmDEProper Motion in Declination Errormas/yrstat.error;pos.pm;pos.eq.decdoublee_PlxParallax Errormasstat.error;pos.parallaxdoubleDist1 over parallax distancepcpos.distancedoubleStart264Years from 2016 epoch when the star enters the ETZyrtime.intervaldoublee_Start264Uncertainty on ETZ entranceyrstat.errordoubleEnd264Years from 2016 epoch when the star exits the ETZyrtime.intervaldoublee_End264Uncertainty on ETZ exityrstat.errordoubleTotal264Total time a star spends in the ETZyrtime.intervaldoubleBoth-ETZ?Note of whether it is in both ETZ and rETZmeta.notedoubleStart162Years from 2016 epoch when the star enters the rETZyrtime.intervalinte_Start162Uncertainty on rETZ entranceyrstat.errorintEnd162Years from 2016 epoch when the star exits the rETZyrtime.intervalinte_End162Uncertainty on rETZ exityrstat.errorintRFGGaia G Band flux to flux error ratiomagstat.fit.omcintBPmagGaia BP Band magnitudephot.mag;em.opt.BintRFBPGaia BP Band flux to flux error ratiomagstat.fit.omcintRPmagGaia RP Band magnitudephot.mag;em.opt.RintRFRPGaia RP Band flux to flux error ratiomagstat.fit.omcdoubleTeff? Effective temperatureKphys.temperature.effectiveintnullablee_Teff? Effective temperature uncertaintyKstat.error;phys.temperature.effectiveintnullabler_Teff? Effective temperature reference (G1)meta.ref;pos.frameintnullableMass? MasssolMassphys.massfloatnullablee_Mass? Mass uncertaintysolMassstat.error;phys.massfloatnullabler_Mass? Mass reference (G1)meta.refintnullableRadius? RadiussolRadphys.angSize;srcfloatnullablee_Radius? Radius errorsolRadstat.error;phys.size.radiusfloatnullabler_Radius? Radius reference (G1)meta.ref;pos.frameintnullableLbol? Bolometric luminositysolLumphys.luminositydoublenullabler_[Fe/H]? Metallicity reference (G1)meta.refintnullablelogg? Surface gravitylog(cm.s**-2)phys.gravityfloatnullablee_logg? Surface gravity uncertaintylog(cm.s**-2)stat.errorfloatnullabler_logg? Surface gravity reference (G1)meta.ref;pos.frameintnullableRUWE[yes] Renormalised Errorstat.errorchar