J/other/Nat/563.ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/other/Nat/563.365CDSRibas I.Tuomi M.Reiners A.Butler R.P.Morales J.C.Perger M.,Dreizler S.Rodriguez-Lopez C.Gonzalez Hernandez J.I.Rosich A.,Feng F.Trifonov T.Vogt S.S.Caballero J.A.Hatzes A.Herrero E.,Jeffers S.V.Lafarga M.Murgas F.Nelson R.P.Rodriguez E.,Strachan J.B.P.Tal-Or L.Teske J.Toledo-Padron B.Zechmeister M.,Quirrenbach A.Amado P.J.Azzaro M.Bejar V.J.S.Barnes J.R.,Berdinas Z.M.Burt J.Coleman G.Cortes-Contreras M.Crane J.,Engle S.G.Guinan E.F.Haswell C.A.Henning T.Holden B.Jenkins J.,Jones H.R.A.Kaminski A.Kiraga M.Kurster M.Lee M.H.,Lopez-Gonzalez M.J.Montes D.Morin J.Ofir A.Palle E.Rebolo R.,Reffert S.Schweitzer A.Seifert W.Shectman S.A.Staab D.,Street R.A.Suarez Mascareno A.Tsapras Y.Wang S.X.Anglada-Escude G.2019-03-26T11:42:28Z2019-03-15T12:07:03ZCDS support team

CDS, Observatoire de Strasbourg, 11 rue de l'Universite, F-67000 Strasbourg, France

cds-question@unistra.frvariable-starsradial-velocityBarnard's star is a red dwarf, and has the largest proper motion (apparent motion across the sky) of all known stars. At a distance of 1.8 parsecs, it is the closest single star to the Sun; only the three stars in the {alpha} Centauri system are closer. Barnard's star is also among the least magnetically active red dwarfs known and has an estimated age older than the Solar System. Its properties make it a prime target for planetary searches; various techniques with different sensitivity limits have been used previously, including radial-velocity imaging, astrometry and direct imaging, but all ultimately led to negative or null results. Here we combine numerous measurements from high-precision radial-velocity instruments, revealing the presence of a low-amplitude periodic signal with a period of 233 days. Independent photometric and spectroscopic monitoring, as well as an analysis of instrumental systematic effects, suggest that this signal is best explained as arising from a planetary companion. The candidate planet around Barnard's star is a cold super-Earth, with a minimum mass of 3.2 times that of Earth, orbiting near its snow line (the minimum distance from the star at which volatile compounds could condense). The combination of all radial-velocity datasets spanning 20 years of measurements additionally reveals a long-term modulation that could arise from a stellar magnetic-activity cycle or from a more distant planetary object. Because of its proximity to the Sun, the candidate planet has a maximum angular separation of 220 milliarcseconds from Barnard's star, making it an excellent target for direct imaging and astrometric observations in the future.2018Natur.563..365Rhttps://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/cat/J/other/Nat/563.365CatalogResearchIsServedByTAP VizieR generic servicerelated-toJ/ApJ/764/131 : Long-term monitoring of Barnard's star velocity (Choi+, 2013)https://cds.unistra.fr/vizier-org/licences_vizier.htmlhttps://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/other/Nat/563.365https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/other/Nat/563.365http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/other/Nat/563.365https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/other/Nat/563.365https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/other/Nat/563.365http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/other/Nat/563.365GETtext/xml+votablehttps://tapvizier.cds.unistra.fr/TAPVizieR/tapdefaultJ/other/Nat/563.365/gl699rvTime-series measurements of radial velocityInstInstrument (1)meta.id;instrcharrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintBJDBarycentric Julian Date of the mid-time of the observationdtime.epochdoubleRVRadial velocitym/sphys.veloc;pos.heliocentricfloate_RV1-sigma uncertainty in the radial velocitym/sstat.errorfloatJ/other/Nat/563.365/gl699haTime-series measurements of the H{alpha} indexrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintInstInstrument (1)meta.id;instrcharBJDBarycentric Julian Date of the mid-time of the observationdtime.epochdoubleHalphaH{alpha} indexspect.index;em.line.Halphadoublee_Halpha1-sigma uncertainty in the H{alpha} indexstat.errordoubleJ/other/Nat/563.365/gl699phTime-series photometric measurementsrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintInstInstrument (1)meta.id;instrcharFiltFiltermeta.id;instr.filtercharBJDBarycentric Julian Date of the mid-time of the observationdtime.epochdoubledmagDifferential magnitudemagphot.mag;arith.difffloate_dmag1-sigma uncertainty in the differential magnitudesmagstat.error;phot.magfloatJ/other/Nat/563.365/gl699sTime-series measurement of the S index of the CaII H&K chromospheric linesrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintInstInstrument (1)meta.id;instrcharBJDBarycentric Julian Date of the mid-time of the observationdtime.epochdoubleSindexS indexspect.indexdoublee_Sindex1-sigma uncertainty in the S indexstat.errordouble