J/MNRAS/517/2990ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/MNRAS/517/2990doi:10.26093/cds/vizier/bg-g5-2xeCDSTabatabaei F.S.Cotton W.Schinnerer E.Beck R.Brunthaler A.,Menten K.M.Braine J.Corbelli E.Kramer C.Beckman J.E.Knapen J.H.,Paladino R.Koch E.Camps-farina A.2026-08-03T07:32:03Z2025-11-19T12:06:47ZCDS support team

CDS, Observatoire de Strasbourg, 11 rue de l'Universite, F-67000 Strasbourg, France

cds-question@unistra.frgalaxiesradio-continuum-emissionradio-sourcesinterferometryinterstellar-mediumphotometryastrometryStudying the interplay between massive star formation and the interstellar medium (ISM) is paramount to understand the evolution of galaxies. Radio continuum (RC) emission serves as an extinction-free tracer of both massive star formation and the energetic components of the ISM. We present a multiband RC survey of the Local Group galaxy M 33 down to ~=30 pc linear resolution observed with the Karl G. Jansky Very Large Array (VLA). We calibrate the star formation rate surface density and investigate the impact of diffuse emission on this calibration using a structural decomposition. Separating the thermal and non- thermal emission components, the correlation between different phases of the ISM, and the impact of massive star formation are being investigated. Radio sources with sizes <~ 200 pc constitute about 36 per cent (46 per cent) of the total RC emission at 1.5 GHz (6.3 GHz) in the inner 18 * 18 arcmin2 (or 4 kpc * 4 kpc) disc of M 33. The non-thermal spectral index becomes flatter with increasing star formation rate surface density, indicating the escape of cosmic ray electrons from their birth places. The magnetic field strength also increases with star formation rate following a bi-modal relation, indicating that the small-scale turbulent dynamo acts more efficiently at higher luminosities and star formation rates. Although the correlations are tighter in star-forming regions, the non-thermal emission is also correlated with the more quiescent molecular gas in the ISM. An almost linear molecular star formation law exists in M 33 when excluding diffuse structures. Massive star formation amplifies the magnetic field and increases the number of high-energy cosmic ray electrons, which can help the onset of winds and outflows.2022MNRAS.517.2990Thttps://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/cat/J/MNRAS/517/2990CatalogResearchIsServedByTAP VizieR generic serviceIsServedByConesearch servicerelated-toJ/MNRAS/506/3079 : Halpha and other SFR indicators (Kouroumpatzakis+, 2021)J/MNRAS/476/158 : Radio haloes in nearby galaxies (Heesen+, 2018)J/MNRAS/449/4048 : The H{alpha} rotation curve of M33 (Kam+, 2015)J/A+A/522/A3 : M33 CO(2-1) and HI integrated intensity maps (Gratier+,2010)J/A+A/578/A8 : Multi-resolution images of M33 (Boquien+, 2015)J/A+A/472/785 : Radio continuum survey of M33 (Tabatabaei+, 2007)J/A+A/552/A19 : Radio-farIR correlation in NGC 6946 (Tabatabaei+, 2013)J/ApJ/856/67 : VLA 3GHz radio source catalog in the Lockman HoleJ/ApJ/836/185 : SEDs of the radio continuum from KINGFISHERJ/ApJS/260/41 : Dust extinction law in nearby galaxies. II. M33J/ApJS/120/247 : Supernova remnants in M33 (Gordon+, 1999)J/ApJS/241/37 : 1.4 and 5GHz deep JVLA radio survey of M33 (White+, 2019)J/ApJS/178/247 : H{alpha} and [NII] survey in local 11 Mpc (Kennicutt+, 2008)J/ApJS/187/495 : SNRs in M33 from optical and X-ray (Long+, 2010)J/AJ/142/111 : Total infrared brightness and SFR in M33 (Boquien+, 2011)VIII/65 : 1.4GHz NRAO VLA Sky Survey (NVSS) (Condon+ 1998)https://cds.unistra.fr/vizier-org/licences_vizier.htmlhttps://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/MNRAS/517/2990https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/MNRAS/517/2990http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/MNRAS/517/2990https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/MNRAS/517/2990https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/MNRAS/517/2990http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/MNRAS/517/2990GETtext/xml+votablehttps://tapvizier.cds.unistra.fr/TAPVizieR/tapCone search capability for table J/MNRAS/517/2990/table5 (Radio sources detected in M33 at 1.5GHz VLA L-band in D/C-configurations)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/MNRAS/517/2990/table5?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/MNRAS/517/2990/table5?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/MNRAS/517/2990/table5?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true22.9086833331.100236670.005555555555555556Cone search capability for table J/MNRAS/517/2990/table6 (Radio sources detected in inner 18*18 arcmin^2^ M33 at 6.3GHz VLA C-band in D/C-configurations)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/MNRAS/517/2990/table6?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/MNRAS/517/2990/table6?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/MNRAS/517/2990/table6?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true23.2776833330.524491110.0055555555555555566/2154-2155 2240-2241https://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/moc/J/MNRAS/517/2990?format=asciiRadiodefaultJ/MNRAS/517/2990/table5Radio sources detected in M33 at 1.5GHz VLA L-band in D/C-configurationsrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintIDIdentifier raw number (ID)meta.id;meta.mainintPPeak flux dentity (P) (1)uJy/beamphot.flux.density;em.radio.750-1500MHz;obsdoubleSIntegrated flux density (S) (1)uJyphot.flux.density;em.radio.750-1500MHz;obsdoubleRAJ2000Right ascension (J2000)pos.eq.ra;meta.mainDEJ2000Declination (J2000)pos.eq.dec;meta.mainMajAxisDeconvolution of the best-fitting major axis (Maj)arcsecphys.angSize.smajAxis;obsfloatMinAxisDeconvolution of the best-fitting minor axis (Min)arcsecphys.angSize.sminAxis;obsfloatPADeconvolution of the best-fitting position angle (PA)degpos.posAng;obsinte_PMean error of P (e_P_) (1)uJy/beamstat.errorfloate_SMean error of S (e_S_) (1)uJystat.errorfloate_RAJ2000Mean error of the right ascension (e_RA_)sstat.error;pos.eq.rafloate_DEJ2000Mean error of the declination (e_DE_)arcsecstat.error;pos.eq.decfloate_MajAxisMean error of MajAxis (e_Maj_)arcsecstat.error;phys.angSizefloate_MinAxisMean error of MinAxis (e_Min_)arcsecstat.error;phys.angSizefloate_PAMean error of PA (e_PA_)degstat.errorintJ/MNRAS/517/2990/table6Radio sources detected in inner 18*18 arcmin^2^ M33 at 6.3GHz VLA C-band in D/C-configurationsIDIdentifier raw number (ID)meta.id;meta.mainintrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintPPeak flux dentity (P) (1)uJy/beamphot.flux.density;em.radio.6-12GHz;obsdoubleSIntegrated flux density (S) (1)uJyphot.flux.density;em.radio.6-12GHz;obsdoubleRAJ2000Right ascension (J2000)pos.eq.ra;meta.mainDEJ2000Declination (J2000)pos.eq.dec;meta.mainMajAxisDeconvolution of the best-fitting major axis (Maj)arcsecphys.angSize.smajAxis;obsfloatMinAxisDeconvolution of the best-fitting minor axis (Min)arcsecphys.angSize.sminAxis;obsfloatPADeconvolution of the best-fitting position angle (PA)degpos.posAng;obsinte_PMean error of P (e_P_) (1)uJy/beamstat.errorfloate_SMean error of S (e_S_) (1)uJystat.errorfloate_RAJ2000Mean error of the right ascension (e_RA_)sstat.error;pos.eq.rafloate_DEJ2000Mean error of the declination (e_DE_)arcsecstat.error;pos.eq.decfloate_MajAxisMean error of MajAxis (e_Maj_)arcsecstat.error;phys.angSizefloate_MinAxisMean error of MinAxis (e_Min_)arcsecstat.error;phys.angSizefloate_PAMean error of PA (e_PA_)degstat.errorintJ/MNRAS/517/2990/listList of fits imagesrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintNxNumber of pixels along X-axismeta.numberintNyNumber of pixels along Y-axismeta.numberintsizeSize of FITS fileKibytephys.size;meta.fitsintFileNameName of FITS file, in subdirectory fitsmeta.id;meta.fitscharTitleTitle of the FITS filemeta.title;meta.fitschar