J/MNRAS/515/3184ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/MNRAS/515/3184doi:10.26093/cds/vizier/bg-g3-33gCDSHowell M.Campbell S.W.Stello D.De Silva G.M.2026-08-03T07:31:39Z2025-09-17T12:58:33ZCDS support team

CDS, Observatoire de Strasbourg, 11 rue de l'Universite, F-67000 Strasbourg, France

cds-question@unistra.frasteroseismologyglobular-star-clustersvisible-astronomyphotometryvariable-starsgiant-starseffective-temperaturestellar-radiistellar-massesMass-loss remains a major uncertainty in stellar modelling. In low-mass stars, mass-loss is most significant on the red giant branch (RGB), and will impact the star's evolutionary path and final stellar remnant. Directly measuring the mass difference of stars in various phases of evolution represents one of the best ways to quantify integrated mass-loss. Globular clusters (GCs) are ideal objects for this. M4 is currently the only GC for which asteroseismic data exist for stars in multiple phases of evolution. Using K2 photometry, we report asteroseismic masses for 75 red giants in M4, the largest seismic sample in a GC to date. We find an integrated RGB mass-loss of {Delta}M_avg_ = 0.17 +/- 0.01 M_{Sun}_, equivalent to a Reimers' mass-loss coefficient of {eta}_R_ = 0.39. Our results for initial mass, horizontal branch mass, {eta}_R_, and integrated RGB mass-loss show remarkable agreement with previous studies, but with higher precision using asteroseismology. We also report the first detections of solar- like oscillations in early asymptotic giant branch (EAGB) stars in GCs. We find an average mass of M_avg,EAGB_ = 0.54 +/- 0.01 M_{Sun}_, significantly lower than predicted by models. This suggests larger-than-expected mass-loss on the horizontal branch. Alternatively, it could indicate unknown systematics in the scaling relations for the EAGB. We discover a tentative mass bimodality in the RGB sample, possibly due to the multiple populations. In our red horizontal branch sample, we find a mass distribution consistent with a single value. We emphasize the importance of seismic studies of GCs since they could potentially resolve major uncertainties in stellar theory.2022MNRAS.515.3184Hhttps://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/cat/J/MNRAS/515/3184CatalogResearchIsServedByTAP VizieR generic serviceIsServedByConesearch servicerelated-toI/345 : Gaia DR2 (Gaia Collaboration, 2018)IV/34 : K2 Ecliptic Plane Input Catalog (EPIC) (Huber+, 2017)VII/195 : Globular Clusters in the Milky Way (Harris, 1996)VII/202 : Globular Clusters in the Milky Way (Harris, 1997)VII/233 : 2MASS All-Sky Extended Source Catalog (XSC)J/AJ/124/1486 : M4 UBV color-magnitude diagrams (Mochejska+, 2002)J/ApJ/765/L41 : Asteroseismic classification of KIC objects (Stello+, 2013)J/ApJ/835/83 : K2 GAP data release. I. Campaign 1 (Stello+, 2017)J/ApJS/251/23 : K2 GAP DR2: campaigns 4, 6 & 7 (Zinn+, 2020)J/ApJS/239/32 : APOKASC-2 catalog of Kepler evolved starsJ/ApJS/236/42 : Asteroseismology of ~16000 Kepler red giants (Yu+, 2018)J/ApJS/193/23 : Fundamental stellar parameters in 47 TucanaeJ/A+A/490/625 : Abundances of NGC 6121 red giants (Marino+, 2008)J/A+A/650/A115 : Seismic global parameters of 2103 KIC (Dreau+, 2021)J/A+A/616/A94 : KIC red giants radial modes amplitude & lifetimeJ/MNRAS/505/5978 : Gaia EDR3 view on Galactic globular clustersJ/MNRAS/481/373 : Spectroscopic observations on M4 AGB stars (MacLean+, 2018)J/MNRAS/456/2260 : K2 Variability Catalogue II (Armstrong+, 2016)J/PASP/124/1279 : Q3 Kepler's combined photometry (Christiansen+, 2012)https://cds.unistra.fr/vizier-org/licences_vizier.htmlhttps://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/MNRAS/515/3184https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/MNRAS/515/3184http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/MNRAS/515/3184https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/MNRAS/515/3184https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/MNRAS/515/3184http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/MNRAS/515/3184GETtext/xml+votablehttps://tapvizier.cds.unistra.fr/TAPVizieR/tapCone search capability for table J/MNRAS/515/3184/table2 (Results of global seismic quantities, stellar properties and mass estimates for our M4 stars)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/MNRAS/515/3184/table2?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/MNRAS/515/3184/table2?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/MNRAS/515/3184/table2?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true245.8777617-26.49429220.0055555555555555566/42955https://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/moc/J/MNRAS/515/3184?format=asciiOpticaldefaultJ/MNRAS/515/3184/table2Results of global seismic quantities, stellar properties and mass estimates for our M4 starsrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintIDStar identifier designation in M4 (ID) (1)meta.idcharGaiaDR2Gaia DR2 unique source identifier (GaiaDR2ID)meta.id;meta.mainGmagG-band mean magnitude (Vega) (G_mag_)magphot.mag;stat.mean;em.optfloatNumaxThe frequency of the maximum acoustic power ({nu}_max_) (2)uHzem.freq;stat.max;src.varfloate_NumaxMean uncertainty of Numax (err{nu}_max_) (2)uHzstat.errorfloatDNuThe large frequency spacing between adjacent overtone oscillation modes ({Delta}{nu}) (2)uHzem.freq;arith.diff;src.varfloate_DNuMean uncertainty of DNu (err{Delta}{nu}) (2)uHzstat.errorfloatf_IDVisual quality flag of power inspection (QF) (3)meta.code.qualcharTeffEstimated effective temperature (T_eff_) (4)Kphys.temperature.effectiveinte_TeffMean uncertainty of Teff (errT_eff_)Kstat.error;phys.temperature.effectiveintSimbadNameSimbad column added by the CDSmeta.idcharnullable_RAPosition from I/345/gaia2 Gaia DR2 catalog (right ascension part)degpos.eq.ra;meta.mainL*Star luminosities calculated with the equation 8 of the section 4.2 (L/L_{Sun}_)solLumphys.luminosity;arith;meta.modelledfloate_L*Random uncertainty of L* from statistic measurements (randomL/L_{Sun}_)solLumstat.errorfloatdL*Systematic uncertainty of L* from used astrophysical parameters and methods (sysL/L_{Sun}_)solLumstat.error.sysfloatR*Stellar radius calculated using the equation 9 of the section 4.2 (R/R_{Sun}_)solRadphys.size.radius;meta.modelledfloate_R*Random uncertainty of R* from statistic measurements (randomR/R_{Sun}_)solRadstat.errorfloatdR*Systematic uncertainty of R* from used astrophysical parameters and methods (sysR/R_{Sun}_)solRadstat.error.sysfloatM*Estimated stellar mass using the scalling relation equation 3 of the section 1 suggesting this relation as the most accurate and reliable of the four (M_3_/M_{Sun}_)solMassphys.mass;meta.modelledfloate_M*Random uncertainty of M* from statistic measurements (randomM_3_/M_{Sun}_)solMassstat.errorfloatdM*Systematic uncertainty of M* from used astrophysical parameters and methods (sysM_3_/M_{Sun}_)solMassstat.error.sysfloat_DEPosition from I/345/gaia2 Gaia DR2 catalog (declination part)degpos.eq.dec;meta.main