J/MNRAS/511/3618ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/MNRAS/511/3618doi:10.26093/cds/vizier.75113618CDSLiu R.Liu T.Chen G.Liu H.-L.Wang K.Li J.-Z.Lee C.W.Liu X.,Juvela M.Garay G.Dewangan L.Soam A.Bronfman L.He J.,Eswaraiah C.Zhang S.-J.Zhang Y.Xu F.-W.Toth L.V.Shen Z.-Q.,Li S.Wu Y.-F.Qin S.-L.Ren Z.Zhang G.Tej A.Goldsmith P.F.,Baug T.Luo Q.Zhou J.Zhang C.2025-03-07T20:14:20Z2025-02-18T10:22:07ZCDS support team

CDS, Observatoire de Strasbourg, 11 rue de l'Universite, F-67000 Strasbourg, France

cds-question@unistra.frmilky-way-galaxymolecular-cloudsh-ii-regionsradio-astronomystar-forming-regionsinterstellar-mediummolecular-physicsradio-sourcesmillimeter-astronomysubmillimeter-astronomyastrometryphotometryspectroscopygalaxy-kinematicsTo understand the nature of SiO emission, we conducted ACA observations of the SiO (2-1) lines toward 146 massive star-forming regions, as part of the ALMA Three-millimeter Observations of Massive Star-forming regions (ATOMS) survey. We detected SiO emission in 128 (87.7 per cent) sources and identified 171 SiO clumps, 105 of which are spatially separated from 3 mm continuum emission. A large amount of the SiO line profiles (60 per cent) are non-Gaussian. The velocity dispersion of the SiO lines ranges from 0.3 to 5.43 km/s. In 63 sources the SiO clumps are associated with H II regions characterized by H40{alpha} emission. We find that 68 per cent (116) of the SiO clumps are associated with strong outflows. The median velocity dispersion of the SiO line for outflow sources and non-outflow sources is 1.91 km/s and 0.99 km/s, respectively. These results indicate that outflow activities could be connected to strongly shocked gas. The velocity dispersion and [SiO]/[H^13^CO^+^] intensity ratio do not show any correlation with the dust temperature and particle number density of clumps. We find a positive correlation between the SiO line luminosity and the bolometric luminosity, implying stronger shock activities are associated with more luminous protoclusters. The SiO clumps in associations with H II regions were found to show a steeper feature in L_SiO_ / L_bol_. The SiO line luminosity and the fraction of shocked gas have no apparent evidence of correlation with the evolutionary stages traced by luminosity to mass ratio (L_bol_ / M).2022MNRAS.511.3618Lhttps://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/cat/J/MNRAS/511/3618CatalogResearchIsServedByTAP VizieR generic serviceIsServedByConesearch servicerelated-toJ/MNRAS/496/2790 : ATOMS I Description and a first look at G9.62+0.19J/MNRAS/496/2821 : ATOMS II Compact objects in ACA observations (Liu+, 2020)J/MNRAS/505/2801 : ATOMS Paper III, massive star-forming regions (Liu+, 2021)J/MNRAS/510/4998 : ATOMS IV Gas clumps properties and SFRs (Zhang+, 2022)J/A+A/586/A149 : SiO in ATLASGAL-selected massive clumps (Csengeri+, 2016)J/A+A/570/A1 : Cygnus-X CO and SiO outflows datacubes (Duarte-Cabral+,2014)J/A+A/570/A49 : APEX spectra of massive YSOs (Leurini+, 2014)J/ApJ/756/60 : A 3mm line survey in 37 IR dark clouds (Sanhueza+, 2012)J/A+A/557/A94 : SiO and HCO+ massive molecular outflowsJ/A+A/476/1243 : Millimeter continuum mapping of Cygnus X (Motte+, 2007)J/A+A/563/A97 : IRAM 30m reduced spectra of 59 sources (Gerner+, 2014)J/A+A/481/345 : SED evolution in massive young stellar objectshttps://cds.unistra.fr/vizier-org/licences_vizier.htmlhttps://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/MNRAS/511/3618https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/MNRAS/511/3618http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/MNRAS/511/3618https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/MNRAS/511/3618https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/MNRAS/511/3618http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/MNRAS/511/3618GETtext/xml+votablehttps://tapvizier.cds.unistra.fr/TAPVizieR/tapCone search capability for table J/MNRAS/511/3618/tablea1 (SiO (2-1) line parameters and clump properties in the region with clear detections)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/MNRAS/511/3618/tablea1?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/MNRAS/511/3618/tablea1?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/MNRAS/511/3618/tablea1?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true122.388375-36.08727780.005555555555555556Cone search capability for table J/MNRAS/511/3618/tablea2 (SiO (2-1) line parameters and clump properties in the region without clear detections)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/MNRAS/511/3618/tablea2?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/MNRAS/511/3618/tablea2?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/MNRAS/511/3618/tablea2?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true190.32575-61.73816670.0055555555555555566/28808 28830-28831 28912-28913 29094-29097 29101 29103 29113-29114 29461 29505 29509-29510 29529 29535 30218 30241 30258-30259 30263 30269 30312 30318 30405 30425 30616 30618 37849-37850 37897 37900 38019 39246 39248 39251 39396 41597 41653-41655 41675 41677 41683 41685 41688 41697 41763 41767 41778 41804-41805 41811 41813-41814 41817 41820 42158-42159 42169 42171-42172 42207 42211 42214-42215 42224-42226 42229 42376 42379 42381 42383 42387 42390 42396 42398 42436 42445 42447 42449-42451 42454-42456 42497-42498 42512 43010 43013 43021 43026https://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/moc/J/MNRAS/511/3618?format=asciiMillimeterRadiodefaultJ/MNRAS/511/3618/tablea1SiO (2-1) line parameters and clump properties in the region with clear detectionsrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintIRASIRAS source clump identifier (IRAS HHMMm+/-DDMM) with CN for clump number (IRAS)meta.id;meta.maincharATOMS-ILink to catalog ATOMS I Description and a first look at G9.62+0.19 (Liu et al. 2020MNRAS.496.2790L, Cat. J/MNRAS/496/2790)meta.ref.urlcharATOMS-IILink to catalog ATOMS II Compact objects in ACA observations (Liu et al. 2020MNRAS.496.2821L, Cat. J/MNRAS/496/2821)meta.ref.urlcharSimbadSimbad column added by the CDSmeta.ref.urlcharRAJ2000Right ascension (J2000)pos.eq.ra;meta.mainATOMS-IIILink to catalog ATOMS III Massive star-forming regions (Liu et al. 2021MNRAS.505.2801L, Cat. J/MNRAS/505/2801)meta.ref.urlcharATOMS-IVLink to catalog ATOMS IV Gas clumps properties and SFRs (Zhang et al. 2022MNRAS.510.4998Z, Cat. J/MNRAS/510/4998)meta.ref.urlcharDEJ2000Declination (J2000)pos.eq.dec;meta.mainRadThe linear radius of SiO clump (R_a_)pcphys.size.radiusfloate_Rad? Mean error of radius (errorR_a)pcstat.errorfloatnullablen_IRASSiO clump is unresolved by CASA (Note)meta.notecharFintThe integrated intensity of SiO clump (intF_v_dv)Jy.km/sphot.flux.density;em.mm.50-100GHzfloate_FintMean error of Fint (errorF_v_dv)Jy.km/sstat.errorfloatvThe velocity of SiO clump (v)km/sphys.velocfloate_vMean error of the velocity (errorv)km/sstat.errorfloatsigmaMinThe velocity dispersion min of SiO clump (D_min_)km/sphys.veloc.dispersion;stat.minfloatsigmaMaxThe velocity dispersion max of SiO clump (D_max_)km/sphys.veloc.dispersion;stat.maxfloatsigmaMeanThe velocity dispersion mean of SiO clump (D_mean_)km/sphys.veloc.dispersionfloatsigmaMedThe velocity dispersion median of SiO clump (D_median_)km/sphys.veloc.dispersion;stat.medianfloatsigmaStdThe velocity dispersion standard deviation of SiO clump (D_std_)km/sphys.veloc.dispersionfloatlogLSiOLogarithm of the luminosity of the SiO clump as computed in the equation 1 of the section 3.3 SiO clumps properties (logLSiO)solLumphys.luminosity;em.mm.50-100GHzfloate_logLSiOMean error of the logLSiO (errorlogLSiO)solLumstat.errorfloatrmsThe rms level {sigma} for each source ({sigma})Jy/beamstat.stdev;instr.det.noise;phys.atmol.levelfloatJ/MNRAS/511/3618/tablea2SiO (2-1) line parameters and clump properties in the region without clear detectionsvThe velocity of SiO clump (v)km/sphys.velocfloatATOMS-IVLink to catalog ATOMS IV Gas clumps properties and SFRs (Zhang et al. 2022MNRAS.510.4998Z, Cat. J/MNRAS/510/4998)meta.ref.urlcharRAJ2000Right ascension (J2000)pos.eq.ra;meta.mainDEJ2000Declination (J2000)pos.eq.dec;meta.maine_logLSiOMean error of the logLSiO (errorlogLSiO)solLumstat.errorfloatrmsThe rms level {sigma} for each source ({sigma})Jy/beamstat.stdev;instr.det.noise;phys.atmol.levelfloatSimbadSimbad column added by the CDSmeta.ref.urlcharrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintIRASIRAS source clump identifier (IRAS HHMMm+/-DDMM) with CN for clump number (IRAS)meta.id;meta.maincharATOMS-ILink to catalog ATOMS I Description and a first look at G9.62+0.19 (Liu et al. 2020MNRAS.496.2790L, Cat. J/MNRAS/496/2790)meta.ref.urlcharATOMS-IILink to catalog ATOMS II Compact objects in ACA observations (Liu et al. 2020MNRAS.496.2821L, Cat. J/MNRAS/496/2821)meta.ref.urlcharRadThe linear radius of SiO clump (R_a_)pcphys.size.radiusfloate_Rad? Mean error of radius (errorR_a)pcstat.errorfloatnullablen_IRASSiO clump is unresolved by CASA (Note)meta.notecharFintThe integrated intensity of SiO clump (intF_v_dv)Jy.km/sphot.flux.density;em.mm.50-100GHzfloate_FintMean error of Fint (errorF_v_dv)Jy.km/sstat.errorfloate_vMean error of the velocity (errorv)km/sstat.errorfloatsigmaThe velocity dispersion mean of SiO clump ({sigma}_v_)km/sphys.veloc.dispersion;stat.meanfloate_sigmaMean error of the sigma (error{sigma}_v_)km/sstat.errorfloatlogLSiOLogarithm of the luminosity of the SiO clump as computed in the equation 1 of the section 3.3 SiO clumps properties (logLSiO)solLumphys.luminosity;em.mm.50-100GHzfloatATOMS-IIILink to catalog ATOMS III Massive star-forming regions (Liu et al. 2021MNRAS.505.2801L, Cat. J/MNRAS/505/2801)meta.ref.urlcharJ/MNRAS/511/3618/tablea3SiO (2-1) line parameters and clump properties associated to H40{alpha}, HCO+, CS and outflow emissionsFlagH40a[yes no] Flag indicates that the SiO clump is associated with H40{alpha} emission, 86 yes and 85 no (H40{alpha})meta.code.statuscharFlagWingSiO[yes no] Flag indicates that the SiO clump shows line wing emission, 103 yes and 68 no (WingSiO)meta.code.statuscharSimbadSimbad column added by the CDSmeta.ref.urlcharrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintIRASIRAS source clump identifier (IRAS HHMMm+/-DDMM) with CN for clump number (IRAS)meta.id;meta.maincharATOMS-ILink to catalog ATOMS I Description and a first look at G9.62+0.19 (Liu et al. 2020MNRAS.496.2790L, Cat. J/MNRAS/496/2790)meta.ref.urlcharATOMS-IILink to catalog ATOMS II Compact objects in ACA observations (Liu et al. 2020MNRAS.496.2821L, Cat. J/MNRAS/496/2821)meta.ref.urlcharATOMS-IIILink to catalog ATOMS III Massive star-forming regions (Liu et al. 2021MNRAS.505.2801L, Cat. J/MNRAS/505/2801)meta.ref.urlcharATOMS-IVLink to catalog ATOMS IV Gas clumps properties and SFRs (Zhang et al. 2022MNRAS.510.4998Z, Cat. J/MNRAS/510/4998)meta.ref.urlcharLbol/MclumpThe total SED bolometric luminosity to clump mass ratio from Liu et al. (2020MNRAS.496.2790L, Cat. J/MNRAS/496/2790) (Lbol/M)solLum/solMassphys.composition.massLightRatio;em.mm.50-100GHzfloatlognThe logarithm of n particle number density can be derived as the equation 2 of the section 4.1 The line broadening of SiO emission (logn)log(cm**-3)meta.number;phys.densityfloat[SiO]/[H13CO+]? The integrated intensity ratio of SiO emission and H^13^CO^+^ emission ([SiO]/[H13CO+])spect.line.intensity;arith.ratio;em.mm.50-100GHzfloatnullablee_[SiO]/[H13CO+]? Mean error on [SiO]/[H13CO+], source without this error has absorption features in their spectrastat.errorfloatnullableDdThe separated linear distance between the central position of SiO clumps and the peak position of the 3 mm continuum emission (D_d)pcpos.distancefloatFlagWingHCO+[yes no] Flag indicates that the HCO+ shows line wing emission, 62 yes and 109 no (WingHCO+)meta.code.statuscharFlagWingCS[yes no] Flag indicates that the CS shows line wing emission, 88 yes and 83 no (WingCS)meta.code.statuscharOutflow[yes no] Flag indicates that the SiO clump is with outflow, 116 yes and 55 no (outflow)meta.code.statuscharType[A B C D] Type for SiO clump associations to H40{alpha} and/or 3 mm continuum emission (type) (1)meta.code.statuschar