J/MNRAS/504/338ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/MNRAS/504/338doi:10.26093/cds/vizier.75040338CDSPurser S.J.D.Lumsden S.L.Hoare M.G.Kurtz S.2024-11-06T20:33:40Z2024-05-14T08:55:23ZCDS support team

CDS, Observatoire de Strasbourg, 11 rue de l'Universite, F-67000 Strasbourg, France

cds-question@unistra.frstar-forming-regionsgalaxiesphotometryyoung-stellar-objectsprotostarsmolecular-cloudsradio-sourcesinfrared-sourcesIn conjunction with a previous southern-hemisphere work, we present the largest radio survey of jets from massive protostars to date with high-resolution (~0.04 arcsec) Jansky Very Large Array observations towards two subsamples of massive star-forming regions of different evolutionary statuses: 48 infrared-bright, massive, young, stellar objects (MYSOs) and 8 infrared dark clouds (IRDCs) containing 16 luminous (L_bol_> 10^3L_{sun}_) cores. For 94 per cent of the MYSO sample, we detect thermal radio ({alpha} >= -0.1 whereby S_{nu}_ {prop.to} {nu}^{alpha}^) sources coincident with the protostar, of which 84 per cent (13 jets and 25 candidates) are jet like. Radio luminosity is found to scale with L_ bol_ similarly to the low-mass case supporting a common mechanism for jet production across all masses. Associated radio lobes tracing shocks are seen towards 52 per cent of jet-like objects and are preferentially detected towards jets of higher radio and bolometric luminosities, resulting from our sensitivity limitations. We find jet mass-loss rate scales with bolometric luminosity as dM_jet_/dt {prop.to} L_bol_^0.9+/- 0.2^, thereby discarding radiative, line-driving mechanisms as the dominant jet-launching process. Calculated momenta show that the majority of jets are mechanically capable of driving the massive, molecular outflow phenomena since p_jet_ > p_outflow_. Finally, from their physical extent we show that the radio emission cannot originate from small, optically thick H II regions. Towards the IRDC cores, we observe increasing incidence rates/radio fluxes with age using the proxy of increasing luminosity-to-mass (L/M) and decreasing infrared flux ratios (S_70um_/S_24um_). Cores with (L/M)< 40 L_{sun}_/M_{sun}_ are not detected above (5.8 GHz) radio luminosities of ~1 mJy kpc^2^.2021MNRAS.504..338Phttps://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/cat/J/MNRAS/504/338CatalogResearchIsServedByTAP VizieR generic serviceIsServedByConesearch servicerelated-toJ/ApJ/715/310 : Early stages of star formation in IRDCs (Rathborne+, 2010)J/ApJS/208/11 : The Red MSX Source Survey: massive protostars (Lumsden+, 2013)https://cds.unistra.fr/vizier-org/licences_vizier.htmlhttps://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/MNRAS/504/338https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/MNRAS/504/338http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/MNRAS/504/338https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/MNRAS/504/338https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/MNRAS/504/338http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/MNRAS/504/338GETtext/xml+votablehttps://tapvizier.cds.unistra.fr/TAPVizieR/tapCone search capability for table J/MNRAS/504/338/table1 (*All cores within the C-band field of view of our observed IRDC subsample)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/MNRAS/504/338/table1?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/MNRAS/504/338/table1?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/MNRAS/504/338/table1?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true276.5975-12.6602780.005555555555555556Cone search capability for table J/MNRAS/504/338/table2 (All targets observed within our MYSO subsample)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/MNRAS/504/338/table2?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/MNRAS/504/338/table2?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/MNRAS/504/338/table2?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true283.38583330.52750.005555555555555556Cone search capability for table J/MNRAS/504/338/tablea2 (Positions and fluxes at the primary beam C-band for all detected sources)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/MNRAS/504/338/tablea2?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/MNRAS/504/338/tablea2?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/MNRAS/504/338/tablea2?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true276.598548333-12.6604302780.005555555555555556Cone search capability for table J/MNRAS/504/338/tablea3 (Positions and fluxes at the primary beam Q-band for all detected sources)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/MNRAS/504/338/tablea3?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/MNRAS/504/338/tablea3?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/MNRAS/504/338/tablea3?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true276.598570833-12.6603888890.0055555555555555566/1470 3052 3157 3175 3198 3271 3290 3309 3320 3630 3649 12974 14063 14241 14255 14267 14280 14282 14287 14304 14307 14309 14314 14317 14654 14696-14697 14704 14716 15368 15428 15430 15629 15671 15696 23764 23969 24325 24365 24496 24507 24554 29508 29535 30218 30256 30258 30313 30315 30318-30319 30328 304253.8431204771608934e-24 2.9154706109355246e-23https://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/moc/J/MNRAS/504/338?format=asciiInfraredRadiodefaultJ/MNRAS/504/338/table1*All cores within the C-band field of view of our observed IRDC subsampleSimbadSimbad column added by the CDSmeta.ref.urlcharrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintTargetTarget name (IRDC)meta.id;meta.maincharCoreCore name (MMNN)obs.fieldcharn_Core[*] Note on Core (1)meta.notecharRAJ2000Right ascension (J2000)pos.eq.ra;meta.mainDEJ2000Declination (J2000)pos.eq.dec;meta.mainDistDistancekpcpos.distancefloatE_DistDistance error (upper value)kpcstat.error;stat.maxfloate_DistDistance error (lower value)kpcstat.errorfloatLbol? Bolometric luminositysolLumphys.luminosityintnullableE_Lbol? Bolometric luminosity error (upper value)solLumstat.error;stat.maxintnullablee_Lbol? Bolometric luminosity error (lower value)solLumstat.errorintnullablebLbol? Lower value of possible bolometric luminosity range (2)solLumphys.luminosityintnullableBLbol? Upper value of possible bolometric luminosity range (2)solLumphys.luminosityintnullablen_Sratio[1/2]? Note on Sratio (3)meta.noteintnullableSratio? Flux density ratio 70um/24um (S70um/S24um)phot.flux;arith.ratiointnullablee_Sratio? Flux density ratio 70um/24um (S70um/S24um) errorstat.errorintnullableMcoreCore masssolMassphys.massintE_Mcore? Core mass error (upper value)solMassstat.error;stat.maxintnullablee_Mcore? Core mass error (lower value)solMassstat.errorintnullableJ/MNRAS/504/338/table2All targets observed within our MYSO subsamplerecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintTargetTarget name (MYSO)meta.id;meta.maincharn_Target[*] Note on Target (1)meta.notecharIRASIRAS namemeta.idcharONameOther namemeta.idcharRAJ2000Right ascension (J2000)pos.eq.ra;meta.mainDEJ2000Declination (J2000)pos.eq.dec;meta.mainr_Dist? Distance reference (2)meta.ref;pos.frameintnullableDistDistancekpcpos.distancefloatE_DistDistance error (upper value)kpcstat.error;stat.maxfloate_DistDistance error (lower value)kpcstat.errorfloatLbol? Bolometric luminositysolLumphys.luminosityintnullableE_Lbol? Bolometric luminosity error (upper value)solLumstat.error;stat.maxintnullablee_Lbol? Bolometric luminosity error (lower value)solLumstat.errorintnullableSratio? Flux density ratio 70um/24um (S70um/S24um)phot.flux;arith.ratiofloatnullablee_Sratio? Flux density ratio 70um/24um (S70um/S24um) errorstat.errorfloatnullableJ/MNRAS/504/338/tablea1Resulting imaging parameter of our observed IRDC sub and MYSO subsample in C-band and Q-band taken with the VLA observatorytetMinQ? Minor axis angle of the convolving beam for the observed frequency band Q such as tetMajQ x tetMinQ (tetMinQ)arcsecphys.angSize;srcfloatnullablePAQ? Position angle of the major axis angle for the observed frequency band Q (PositionAngleQ)degpos.posAngfloatnullablesigmaRMSCRoot mean square noise level for the observed frequency band C (sigmaRMSC)uJyinstr.det.noise;stat.meanintsigmaRMSQ? Root mean square noise level for the observed frequency band Q (sigmaRMSQ)uJyinstr.det.noise;stat.meanintnullableFigureFigures showing the image data (Figure) (1)meta.bib.figcharrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintSampleSample name IRDc or MYSO (NameSample)meta.id;src.samplecharTargetTarget name (Target)meta.id;meta.mainchartetMajCMajor axis angle of the convolving beam for the observed frequency band C such as tetMajC x tetMinC (tetMajC)arcsecphys.angSizefloattetMinCMinor axis angle of the convolving beam for the observed frequency band C such as tetMajC x tetMinC (tetMinC)arcsecphys.angSize;srcfloatPACPosition angle of the major axis angle for the observed frequency band C (PositionAngleC)degpos.posAngfloattetMajQ? Major axis angle of the convolving beam for the observed frequency band Q such as tetMajQ x tetMinQ (tetMajQ)arcsecphys.angSizefloatnullablef_sigmaRMSCYes or No sigmaRMSC flag in C-band of whether the noise in the image was limited thermally, or by dynamic range/spatial frequency uv-cover age limitations (f_sigmaRMSC)meta.codecharf_sigmaRMSQ? Yes or No sigmaRMSQ flag in Q-band of whether the noise in the image was limited thermally, or by dynamic range/spatial frequency uv-coverage limitations (f_sigmaRMSQ)meta.codecharSectNoteThe section detailed notes/literature review (Notes) (1)meta.notecharJ/MNRAS/504/338/tablea2Positions and fluxes at the primary beam C-band for all detected sourcesrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintSampleSample name IRDc or MYSO (NameSample)meta.id;src.samplecharTargetTarget name (Target)meta.id;meta.maincharLobeLobe classifications name (Lobe)obs.fieldcharRAJ2000? Right ascension (J2000) (RAh)pos.eq.ra;meta.mainnullablee_RAJ2000? Mean error on RAs (deltaRA)masstat.error;pos.eq.raintnullablen_e_RAJ2000Note on Mean error on RAs (notedeltaRA) (1)meta.notecharDEJ2000? Declination (J2000) (DEdeg)pos.eq.dec;meta.mainnullablee_DEJ2000? Mean error on DEs (deltaDE)masstat.error;pos.eq.decintnullablen_e_DEJ2000Note on Mean error on DEs (notedeltaDE) (1)meta.notecharl_Speak5.8Limit flag on parameter Speak5.8 (l_Speak5.8)meta.code.errorcharSpeak5.8Peak flux density at 5.8 GHz where beam is a nominal area over which the brightness is defined (Speak5.8) (2)mJy/beamphot.flux.density;em.radio.3-6GHzfloate_Speak5.8? Mean error on Speak5.8 (Speak5.8error)mJy/beamstat.errorfloatnullablel_S5.8Limit flag on parameter S5.8 (l_S5.8) (2)meta.code.errorcharS5.8Flux at 5.8 GHz (S5.8)mJyphot.flux.density;em.radio.3-6GHzfloate_S5.8? Mean error on S5.8 (S5.8error)mJystat.errorfloatnullableJ/MNRAS/504/338/tablea3Positions and fluxes at the primary beam Q-band for all detected sourcesSpeak44? Peak flux density at 44 GHz where beam is a nominal area over which the brightness is defined (Speak44) (2)mJy/beamphot.flux.density;em.mm.30-50GHzfloatnullablee_Speak44? Mean error on Speak44 (Speak44error) (2)mJy/beamstat.errorfloatnullablel_S44? Limit flag on parameter S44 (l_S44)meta.code.errorcharS44? Flux at 44 GHz (S44) (2)mJyphot.flux.density;em.mm.30-50GHzfloatnullablee_S44? Mean error on S44 (S44error) (2)mJystat.errorfloatnullablerecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintSampleSample name IRDc or MYSO (NameSample)meta.id;src.samplecharTargetTarget name (Target)meta.id;meta.maincharLobeLobe classifications name (Lobe)obs.fieldcharRAJ2000? Right ascension (J2000) (RAh)pos.eq.ra;meta.mainnullablee_RAJ2000? Mean error on RAs (deltaRA) (1)masstat.error;pos.eq.raintnullableDEJ2000? Declination (J2000) (DEdeg) (1)pos.eq.dec;meta.mainnullablee_DEJ2000? Mean error on DEs (deltaDE) (1)masstat.error;pos.eq.deccharl_Speak44? Limit flag on parameter Speak44 (l_Speak44) (2)meta.code.errorcharJ/MNRAS/504/338/tablea4Deconvolved sizes and position angles at both C and Q-band for all detected sourcesrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintSampleSample name IRDc or MYSO (NameSample)meta.id;src.samplecharTargetTarget-Object name (Object)meta.id;meta.maincharLobeLobe classifications name (Lobe)obs.fieldcharl_tetMaj5.8Limit flag on parameter tetMaj5.8 (l_tetMaj5.8)meta.code.errorchartetMaj5.8? Deconvolved major axis angle for the observed primary beam peak at 5.8 GHz in C-band (tetMaj5.8)masphys.angSizeintnullablee_tetMaj5.8? Mean error of tetMaj5.8 (e_tetMaj5.8)masstat.errorintnullablePA5.8? Position angle of tetMaj5.8 (PA5.8)degpos.posAngintnullablel_tetMin5.8Limit flag on parameter tetMaj5.8 (l_tetMaj5.8)meta.code.errorchartetMin5.8? Deconvolved minor axis angle for the observed primary beam peak at 5.8 GHz in C-band (tetMin5.8)masphys.angSize;srcintnullablee_tetMin5.8? Mean error of tetMin5.8 (e_tetMin5.8)masstat.errorintnullablee_PA5.8? Mean error of PA5.8 (e_PA5.8)degstat.errorintnullablel_tetMaj44Limit flag on parameter tetMaj44 (l_tetMaj44)meta.code.errorchartetMaj44? Deconvolved major axis angle for the observed primary beam peak at 44 GHz in Q-band (tetMaj44)masphys.angSizeintnullablee_tetMaj44? Mean error of tetMaj44 (e_tetMaj44)masstat.errorintnullablel_tetMin44Limit flag on parameter tetMin44 (l_tetMin44)meta.code.errorchartetMin44? Deconvolved minor axis angle for the observed primary beam peak at 44 GHz in Q-band (tetMin44)masphys.angSize;srcintnullablee_tetMin44? Mean error of tetMin44 (e_tetMin44)masstat.errorintnullablePA44? Position angle of tetMaj44 (PA44)degpos.posAngintnullablee_PA44? Mean error of PA44 (e_PA44)degstat.errorintnullableJ/MNRAS/504/338/tablea5Classifications, derived spectral indices for both flux and major axis length and calculated changes in position angles from C to Q-bandalpha? Derived spectral indices for fluxes whereby S is proportional to {nu}^{alpha}^ (alpha)spect.indexfloatnullablee_alpha? Mean error of alpha (e_alpha)stat.error;pos.eq.rafloatnullablel_gammaLimit flag on parameter gamma (l_gamma)meta.code.errorchargamma? Derived deconvolved indices for major axis angle whereby tetMaj is proportional to {nu}^{gamma}^ (gamma)spect.indexfloatnullablee_gamma? Mean error of gamma (e_gamma)stat.errorfloatnullabledeltatetPA? Calculated changes in position angles from C to Q-band (deltatetPA)degpos.posAngintnullablee_deltatetPA? Mean error of deltatetPA (e_deltatetPA)degstat.errorintnullablerecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintSampleSample name IRDc or MYSO (NameSample)meta.id;src.samplecharTargetTarget-object name (Target)meta.id;meta.maincharLobeLobe classifications name (Lobe)meta.idcharClassRadio sources classification name associated with lobe classification (Class.)meta.code.classcharl_alphaDerived spectral indices for fluxes whereby S is proportional to {nu}^{alpha}^ (alpha)meta.code.error;pos.eq.racharJ/MNRAS/504/338/tablea6Classifications, opening angles and mass loss rats for all jet-like radio sources detectedrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintSampleSample name IRDc or MYSO (NameSample)meta.id;src.samplecharTargetObject name with jet-like radio emission detected originaly from IRDc or MYSOs sample (MYSO)meta.id;meta.maincharLobeLobe classifications name (Lobe)obs.fieldchartetaCOA? Opening angle of the jet for the C-band frequency (1)degpos.posAngintnullablee_tetaCOA? Mean error of tetaCOA (e_tetaCOA)degstat.errorintnullabletetaQOA? Opening angle of the jet for the Q-band frequency (1)degpos.posAngintnullablee_tetaQOA? Mean error of tetaCOA (e_tetaCOA)degstat.errorintnullabledMjet/dtMass loss rates (dMjet/dt) (2)1e-06solMass.yr**-1phys.mass.lossfloate_dMjet/dtMean error on parameter dmjet/dt (e_dMjet/dt) (2)1e-06solMass.yr**-1stat.errorfloat