J/MNRAS/500/3123ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/MNRAS/500/3123doi:10.26093/cds/vizier/bg-fm-31kCDSDas S.R.Jose J.Samal M.R.Zhang S.Panwar N.2026-08-03T07:30:34Z2023-11-13T08:59:41ZCDS support team

CDS, Observatoire de Strasbourg, 11 rue de l'Universite, F-67000 Strasbourg, France

cds-question@unistra.frmolecular-cloudsyoung-stellar-objectsinterstellar-mediumstar-forming-regionsinfrared-photometryThe processes that regulate star formation within molecular clouds are still not well understood. Various star formation scaling relations have been proposed as an explanation, one of which is to formulate a relation between the star formation rate surface density {Sigma}_SFR_ and the underlying gas surface density {Sigma}_gas_. In this work, we test various star formation scaling relations, such as the Kennicutt-Schmidt relation, the volumetric star formation relation, the orbital time model, the crossing time model and the multi free-fall time-scale model, towards the North American Nebula and Pelican Nebula and in the cold clumps associated with them. Measuring stellar mass from young stellar objects and gaseous mass from CO measurements, we estimate the mean {Sigma}_SFR_, the star formation rate per free-fall time and the star formation efficiency for clumps to be 1.5M_{sun}_/yr/kpc^2^, 0.009 and 2.0 per cent, respectively, while for the whole region covered by both nebulae (which we call the 'NAN' complex) the values are 0.6M_{sun}_/yr/kpc^2^, 0.0003 and 1.6 per cent, respectively. For the clumps, we notice that the observed properties are in line with the correlation obtained between {Sigma}_SFR_ and {Sigma}_gas_, and between {Sigma}_SFR_ and {Sigma}_gas_ per free-fall time and orbital time for Galactic clouds. At the same time, we do not observe any correlation with {Sigma}_gas_ per crossing time and multi free-fall time. Even though we see correlations in the former cases, however, all models agree with each other within a factor of 0.5dex. It is not possible to discriminate between these models because of the current uncertainties in the input observables. We also test the variation of {Sigma}_SFR_ with the dense gas but, because of low statistics, a weak correlation is seen in our analysis.2021MNRAS.500.3123Dhttps://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/cat/J/MNRAS/500/3123CatalogResearchIsServedByTAP VizieR generic serviceIsServedByConesearch servicerelated-toJ/ApJ/697/787 : The NAN complex. I. IRAC observations (Guieu+, 2009)J/ApJS/193/25 : The NAN complex. II. MIPS observations (Rebull+, 2011)II/316 : UKIDSS-DR6 Galactic Plane Survey (Lucas+ 2012)II/314 : UKIDSS-DR8 LAS, GCS and DXS Surveys (Lawrence+ 2012)https://cds.unistra.fr/vizier-org/licences_vizier.htmlhttps://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/MNRAS/500/3123https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/MNRAS/500/3123http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/MNRAS/500/3123https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/MNRAS/500/3123https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/MNRAS/500/3123http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/MNRAS/500/3123GETtext/xml+votablehttps://tapvizier.cds.unistra.fr/TAPVizieR/tapCone search capability for table J/MNRAS/500/3123/table2 (Physical parameters of the cold clumps associated with the NAN complex)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/MNRAS/500/3123/table2?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/MNRAS/500/3123/table2?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/MNRAS/500/3123/table2?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true313.151083344.79679720.005555555555555556Cone search capability for table J/MNRAS/500/3123/table4 (Physical parameters of the clumps associated with dense regions)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/MNRAS/500/3123/table4?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/MNRAS/500/3123/table4?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/MNRAS/500/3123/table4?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true313.398916744.53935280.005555555555555556Cone search capability for table J/MNRAS/500/3123/tablea1 (List of all the 3038 YSOs associated with NAN complex)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/MNRAS/500/3123/tablea1?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/MNRAS/500/3123/tablea1?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/MNRAS/500/3123/tablea1?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true311.604083344.92939720.0055555555555555565/3671 3840 3842 6/14679 14709 15366 15372 153926.772611666688002e-21 1.6867587740958882e-19https://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/moc/J/MNRAS/500/3123?format=asciiInfrareddefaultJ/MNRAS/500/3123/table2Physical parameters of the cold clumps associated with the NAN complexrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintComplexName of the complexmeta.id.parentcharClump[1/14] Internal clump identifiermeta.id;meta.mainintRAJ2000Right ascension (J2000)pos.eq.ra;meta.mainDEJ2000Declination (J2000)pos.eq.dec;meta.mainrClump radius (1)pcphys.size.radiusfloate_rError on rpcstat.errorfloatNH2Mean H_2_ column density N_H2_1e+21cm**-2phys.columnDensity;stat.meanfloatSNH2Total H_2_ column density {Sigma}N(H_2_)1e+24cm**-2phys.columnDensityfloatMassClump mass (2)solMassphys.massinte_MassError on MasssolMassstat.error;phys.massfloatnH2H_2_ volume number density n_H2_ (3)1000cm**-3phys.densityfloate_nH2Error on nH21000cm**-3stat.errorfloatSgasGas surface density {Sigma}_gas_ (4)solMass.pc**-2phys.densityfloate_SgasError on SgassolMass.pc**-2stat.errorfloatSgascgsGas surface density {Sigma}_gas_ in g/cm^2^g.cm**-2phys.densityfloate_SgascgsError on Sgascgsg.cm**-2stat.errorfloatJ/MNRAS/500/3123/table3YSOs associated with all the cold clumps, densities, star formation rate and efficiencyrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintComplexName of the complexmeta.id.parentcharClump[1/14] Internal clump identifiermeta.id;meta.mainintNYSOsNumber of YSOs associated to the clumpmeta.numberintNYSOs/areaYSO density in clumppc**-2phys.densityfloatSFRStar formation rate (1)solMass/Myrphys.SFRfloate_SFRError SFRsolMass/Myrstat.error;phys.SFRfloatSFR/areaDensity of star formation rate in clumpsolMass.yr**-1.kpc**-2phys.SFRfloate_SFR/areaError on SFR/areasolMass.yr**-1.kpc**-2stat.errorfloatSFEStar formation efficiency (2)%phys.mass;arith.ratiofloate_SFEError on SFE%stat.errorfloattdepDepletion time (3)Myrtime.epochfloate_tdepError on tdepMyrstat.errorfloattffFree-fall time-scale (4)Myrtime.epochfloate_tffError on tffMyrstat.errorfloattcrossCrossing time (5)Myrtime.epochfloate_tcrossError on tcrossMyrstat.errorfloatSFRffStar formation rate per free-fall time (6)phys.SFRfloatSgas/tmffMulti free-fall gas consumption rate {Sigma}_gas_/t_multiff_ (7)solMass.yr**-1.kpc**-2phys.SFRfloate_Sgas/tmffError on Sgas/tmffsolMass.yr**-1.kpc**-2stat.errorfloatJ/MNRAS/500/3123/table4Physical parameters of the clumps associated with dense regionsrClump radiuspcphys.size.radiusfloatN/areaYSO density in clumppc**-2phys.densityfloatSFRStar formation ratesolMass/Myrphys.SFRfloatrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintClump[1/7] Internal dense clump identifiermeta.id;meta.mainintRAJ2000Right ascension (J2000)pos.eq.ra;meta.mainDEJ2000Declination (J2000)pos.eq.dec;meta.maine_rError on rpcstat.errorfloatMassClump masssolMassphys.massinte_MassError on MasssolMassstat.error;phys.massintSgasGas surface density {Sigma}_gas_solMass.pc**-2phys.densityfloate_SgasError on SgassolMass.pc**-2stat.errorfloatSgascgsGas surface density {Sigma}_gas_ in g/cm^2^g.cm**-2phys.densityfloate_SgascgsError on Sgascgsg.cm**-2stat.errorfloatNYSOsNumber of YSOs associated to the clumpmeta.numberinte_SFRError on SFRsolMass/Myrstat.error;phys.SFRfloatSFR/areaDensity of star formation rate in clumpsolMass.yr**-1.kpc**-2phys.SFRfloate_SFR/areaError on SFR/areasolMass.yr**-1.kpc**-2stat.errorfloatJ/MNRAS/500/3123/tablea1List of all the 3038 YSOs associated with NAN complexrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintYSO[1/3038] Internal YSO identifiermeta.id;meta.mainintRAJ2000Right ascension (J2000)pos.eq.ra;meta.mainDEJ2000Declination (J2000)pos.eq.dec;meta.mainJmag? UKIRT/WFCAM J-band magnitudemagphot.mag;em.IR.Jfloatnullablee_Jmag? Error on Jmagmagstat.error;phot.magfloatnullableHmag? UKIRT/WFCAM H-band magnitudemagphot.mag;em.IR.Hfloatnullablee_Hmag? Error on Hmagmagstat.error;phot.magfloatnullableKmag? UKIRT/WFCAM K-band magnitudemagphot.mag;em.IR.Kfloatnullablee_Kmag? Error on Kmagmagstat.error;phot.magfloatnullable3.6mag? Spitzer/IRAC 3.6um magnitudemagphot.mag;em.IR.3-4umfloatnullablee_3.6mag? Error on 3.6magmagstat.errorfloatnullable4.5mag? Spitzer/IRAC 4.5um magnitudemagphot.mag;em.IR.4-8umfloatnullablee_4.5mag? Error on 4.5magmagstat.errorfloatnullable5.8mag? Spitzer/IRAC 5.8um magnitudemagphot.flux.density;em.IR.4-8umfloatnullablee_5.8mag? Error on 5.8magmagstat.errorfloatnullable8.0mag? Spitzer/IRAC 8.0um magnitudemagphot.flux.density;em.IR.8-15umfloatnullablee_8.0mag? Error on 8.0magmagstat.errorfloatnullable24.0mag? Spitzer/MIPS 24um magnitudemagphot.flux.density;em.IR.15-30umfloatnullablee_24.0mag? Error on 24.0magmagstat.errorfloatnullableClassYSO classificationsrc.classchar