J/MNRAS/491/5287ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/MNRAS/491/5287doi:10.26093/cds/vizier.74915287CDSOwen J.E.Campos Estrada B.2024-08-20T20:15:00Z2023-04-28T14:12:09ZCDS support team

CDS, Observatoire de Strasbourg, 11 rue de l'Universite, F-67000 Strasbourg, France

cds-question@unistra.frexoplanetsastronomical-modelsThe photoevaporation model is one of the leading explanations for the evolution of small, close-in planets and the origin of the radius-valley. However, without planet mass measurements, it is challenging to test the photoevaporation scenario. Even if masses are available for individual planets, the host star's unknown EUV/X-ray history makes it difficult to assess the role of photoevaporation. We show that systems with multiple transiting planets are the best in which to rigorously test the photoevaporation model. By scaling one planet to another in a multitransiting system, the host star's uncertain EUV/X-ray history can be negated. By focusing on systems that contain planets that straddle the radius-valley, one can estimate the minimum masses of planets above the radius-valley (and thus are assumed to have retained a voluminous hydrogen/helium envelope). This minimum mass is estimated by assuming that the planet below the radius-valley entirely lost its initial hydrogen/helium envelope, then calculating how massive any planet above the valley needs to be to retain its envelope. We apply this method to 104 planets above the radius gap in 73 systems for which precise enough radii measurements are available. We find excellent agreement with the photoevaporation model. Only two planets (Kepler-100c and 142c) appear to be inconsistent, suggesting they had a different formation history or followed a different evolutionary pathway to the bulk of the population. Our method can be used to identify TESS systems that warrant radial-velocity follow-up to further test the photoevaporation model.2020MNRAS.491.5287Ohttps://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/cat/J/MNRAS/491/5287CatalogResearchIsServedByTAP VizieR generic serviceIsServedByConesearch servicerelated-toJ/ApJ/728/117 : Kepler planetary candidates. I. (Borucki+, 2011)J/AJ/154/107 : California-Kepler Survey (CKS). I. 1305 starsJ/AJ/154/108 : California-Kepler Survey (CKS). II. PropertiesJ/AJ/155/48 : California-Kepler Survey (CKS). V. Masses and radiihttps://cds.unistra.fr/vizier-org/licences_vizier.htmlhttps://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/MNRAS/491/5287https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/MNRAS/491/5287http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/MNRAS/491/5287https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/MNRAS/491/5287https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/MNRAS/491/5287http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/MNRAS/491/5287GETtext/xml+votablehttps://tapvizier.cds.unistra.fr/TAPVizieR/tapCone search capability for table J/MNRAS/491/5287/table2 (Multiplanet systems from the CKS sample)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/MNRAS/491/5287/table2?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/MNRAS/491/5287/table2?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/MNRAS/491/5287/table2?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true295.118919748.48129280.0055555555555555565/3688 6/14585-14587 14591 14731 14734-14735 14744 14751 14756 14758 14761-14762 14767-14768 14770 14774 14794 14824 14927 14931 14935-14936 14939 14948 14960-14961 14965-14966 14969 15060 15106-15107 15110 15112 15118 15123 15125 15127 15131 15134 15136-15137 15140 15146 15149-15150 15153 15168 15174https://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/moc/J/MNRAS/491/5287?format=asciidefaultJ/MNRAS/491/5287/table2Multiplanet systems from the CKS samplerockyplRocky planet name (3)meta.id.assoccharSimbadSimbad column added by the CDSmeta.ref.urlcharrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintKeplerKepler identifier (NNNNa)meta.idcharKOIKOI identifier (NNNN.NN)meta.id;meta.mainfloatl_MminLimit flag on Mminmeta.code.errorcharMmin? Predicted minimum mass obtained using EvapMass (https://github.com/jo276/EvapMass)(5.97236x10+24kg)phys.massfloatnullablef_Mmin[a*] Flag on Mmin (1)meta.codecharl_MassLimit flag on Massmeta.code.error;phys.masscharMass? Measured mass(5.97236x10+24kg)phys.massfloatnullableE_Mass? Upper error on Mass(5.97236x10+24kg)stat.error;stat.maxfloatnullablee_Mass? Lower error on Mass(5.97236x10+24kg)stat.error;phys.massfloatnullabler_Mass? Reference for Mass (2)meta.refintnullablen_rockyplNote on rockypl (4)meta.notecharMrockyplRocky planet mass(5.97236x10+24kg)phys.massfloate_MrockyplError on Mrockypl(5.97236x10+24kg)stat.errorfloat_RARight Ascension (J2000) from SIMBAD (not part of the original data)degpos.eq.ra;meta.main_DEDeclination (J2000) from SIMBAD (not part of the original data)degpos.eq.dec;meta.main