J/MNRAS/488/4239ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/MNRAS/488/4239doi:10.26093/cds/vizier.74884239CDSPessi P.J.Folatelli G.Anderson J.P.Bersten M.Burns C.,Contreras C.Davis S.Englert B.Hamuy M.Hsiao E.Y.Martinez L.,Morrell N.Phillips M.M.Suntzeff N.Stritzinger M.D.2024-08-20T20:12:17Z2023-02-07T08:52:51ZCDS support team

CDS, Observatoire de Strasbourg, 11 rue de l'Universite, F-67000 Strasbourg, France

cds-question@unistra.frsupernovaeredshiftedvisible-astronomyType II supernovae (SNe II) show strong hydrogen features in their spectra throughout their whole evolution, while type IIb supernovae (SNe IIb) spectra evolve from dominant hydrogen lines at early times to increasingly strong helium features later on. However, it is currently unclear whether the progenitors of these SN types form a continuum in pre-SN hydrogen mass or whether they are physically distinct. SN light-curve morphology directly relates to progenitor and explosion properties such as the amount of hydrogen in the envelope, the pre-SN radius, the explosion energy, and the synthesized mass of radioactive material. In this work, we study the morphology of the optical-wavelength light curves of hydrogen-rich SNe II and hydrogen-poor SNe IIb to test whether an observational continuum exists between the two. Using a sample of 95 SNe (73 SNe II and 22 SNe IIb), we define a range of key observational parameters and present a comparative analysis between both types. We find a lack of events that bridge the observed properties of SNe II and IIb. Light-curve parameters such as rise times and post-maximum decline rates and curvatures clearly separate both SN types and we therefore conclude that there is no continuum, with the two SN types forming two observationally distinct families. In the V band a rise time of 17d (SNe II lower and SNe IIb higher), and a magnitude difference between 30 and 40d post-explosion of 0.4mag (SNe II lower and SNe IIb higher) serve as approximate thresholds to differentiate both types.2019MNRAS.488.4239Phttps://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/cat/J/MNRAS/488/4239CatalogResearchIsServedByTAP VizieR generic serviceIsServedByConesearch servicehttps://cds.unistra.fr/vizier-org/licences_vizier.htmlhttps://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/MNRAS/488/4239https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/MNRAS/488/4239http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/MNRAS/488/4239https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/MNRAS/488/4239https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/MNRAS/488/4239http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/MNRAS/488/4239GETtext/xml+votablehttps://tapvizier.cds.unistra.fr/TAPVizieR/tapCone search capability for table J/MNRAS/488/4239/tablea1 (SNe II sample)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/MNRAS/488/4239/tablea1?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/MNRAS/488/4239/tablea1?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/MNRAS/488/4239/tablea1?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true154.569416741.44116670.005555555555555556Cone search capability for table J/MNRAS/488/4239/tablea2 (SNe IIb sample)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/MNRAS/488/4239/tablea2?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/MNRAS/488/4239/tablea2?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/MNRAS/488/4239/tablea2?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true148.853228169.02047310.005555555555555556Cone search capability for table J/MNRAS/488/4239/table1 (Comparison between the explosion epochs obtained from non-detection constraints and those calculated using SNID for SNe IIb)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/MNRAS/488/4239/table1?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/MNRAS/488/4239/table1?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/MNRAS/488/4239/table1?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true148.853228169.02047310.005555555555555556Cone search capability for table J/MNRAS/488/4239/table2 (Comparison between the date of maximum light in the V band obtained directly from SN photometry and that obtained from SNID for SNe II and SNe IIb)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/MNRAS/488/4239/table2?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/MNRAS/488/4239/table2?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/MNRAS/488/4239/table2?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true154.569416741.44116670.005555555555555556Cone search capability for table J/MNRAS/488/4239/tablea3 (SNe IIb with no observed maximum sample)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/MNRAS/488/4239/tablea3?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/MNRAS/488/4239/tablea3?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/MNRAS/488/4239/tablea3?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true252.436416717.86352780.005555555555555556Cone search capability for table J/MNRAS/488/4239/tablea4 (Parameters obtained with respect to explosion epoch)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/MNRAS/488/4239/tablea4?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/MNRAS/488/4239/tablea4?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/MNRAS/488/4239/tablea4?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true148.853228169.02047310.0055555555555555566/37 43 552 664 2452 4182 4410 4490 5203 5715 6037 7606 8306 8484 8700 10905 11027 12298 13707 16120 17001 17509 17594 17835 18123 18398 18405 18795 18895 19536 19584 19627 19710 20060 20875 21127 21148 22613 22953 24873 25079 25153 25336 25438 25645 26002 26191 26303 26433 26534 27109 27514 27840 28346 28529 29348 30038 30194 32398 33228 34294 34361 34701 34777 35071 35691 36210 36377 36489 36799 36908 38623 38956 39108 40210 40267 40300 40456 40659 40789 40819 40847 40939 42025 43302 43473 43942 44726 46477 46568 48270 48661 49097https://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/moc/J/MNRAS/488/4239?format=asciiOpticaldefaultJ/MNRAS/488/4239/tablea1SNe II sampletrmaxEpoch of maximum light of the SN light curve in the r banddtime.epochfloate_trmaxError on trmaxdstat.errorfloatphrefPhotometry reference (3)meta.bibintsprefSpectral references (4)meta.bibcharcircularReference of the discovery circularmeta.bibchar_RARight Ascension (J2000) from SIMBAD (not part of the original data)degpos.eq.ra;meta.main_DEDeclination (J2000) from SIMBAD (not part of the original data)degpos.eq.dec;meta.mainSimbadSimbad column added by the CDSmeta.ref.urlcharrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintNameSupernova name (YYYYaa or YYYYA)meta.id;meta.maincharzHeliocentric redshift of the host obtained from NEDsrc.redshiftfloattexplExplosion epoch of the supernova obtained from non-detectionsdtime.epochfloatr_texpl[abc] Reference for texpl (1)meta.ref;pos.framechare_texplError on texpldstat.errorfloattVmaxEpoch of maximum light of the SN light curve in the V banddtime.epochfloatr_tVmax[c] Reference for tVmax (1)meta.ref;pos.framechare_tVmaxError on tVmaxdstat.errorfloattBmaxEpoch of maximum light of the SN light curve in the B banddtime.epochfloatr_tBmax[d] Reference for tBmax (2)meta.ref;pos.framechare_tBmaxError on tBmaxdstat.errorfloatr_trmax[d] Reference for trmax (2)meta.ref;pos.framecharJ/MNRAS/488/4239/tablea2SNe IIb samplerecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintNameSupernova name (YYYYaa, YYYYaaa or YYYYA)meta.id;meta.maincharf_Name[*] Flag on Name (1)meta.codecharzHeliocentric redshift of the host obtained from NEDsrc.redshiftfloattexplExplosion epoch of the supernova obtained from non-detectionsdtime.epochfloatr_texpl[a] Reference for texpl (2)meta.ref;pos.framechare_texplError on texpldstat.errorfloattVmaxEpoch of maximum light of the SN light curve in the V banddtime.epochfloate_tVmaxError on tVmaxdstat.errorfloattBmaxEpoch of maximum light of the SN light curve in the B banddtime.epochfloatr_tBmax[b] Reference for tBmax (3)meta.ref;pos.framechare_tBmaxError on tBmaxdstat.errorfloattrmaxEpoch of maximum light of the SN light curve in the r banddtime.epochfloatr_trmax[b] Reference for trmax (3)meta.ref;pos.framechare_trmaxError on trmaxdstat.errorfloatphrefPhotometry reference (4)meta.bibcharsprefSpectral references (5)meta.bibcharcircularReference of the discovery circularmeta.bibchar_DEDeclination (J2000) from SIMBAD (not part of the original data)degpos.eq.dec;meta.mainSimbadSimbad column added by the CDSmeta.ref.urlchar_RARight Ascension (J2000) from SIMBAD (not part of the original data)degpos.eq.ra;meta.mainJ/MNRAS/488/4239/table1Comparison between the explosion epochs obtained from non-detection constraints and those calculated using SNID for SNe IIbrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintNameSupernova name (YYYYaa, YYYYaaa or YYYYA)meta.id;meta.maincharteSNIDExplosion epoch calculated using SNID for SNe IIb (G1)dtime.epochfloate_teSNIDError on SNIDdstat.errorfloatteobsExplosion epoch obtained from non-detection constraintsdtime.epochfloate_teobsError on tobsdstat.errorfloatDiffteDifference between tSNID and tobsdtime;arith.difffloat_RARight Ascension (J2000) from SIMBAD (not part of the original data)degpos.eq.ra;meta.main_DEDeclination (J2000) from SIMBAD (not part of the original data)degpos.eq.dec;meta.mainSimbadSimbad column added by the CDSmeta.ref.urlcharJ/MNRAS/488/4239/table2Comparison between the date of maximum light in the V band obtained directly from SN photometry and that obtained from SNID for SNe II and SNe IIbrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintTypeSupernova type (II or IIb)src.classcharNameSupernova name (YYYYaa, YYYYaaa or YYYYA)meta.id;meta.mainchartmSNID? Date of maximum light in the V band obtained from SNID (G1)dtime.epochfloatnullablee_tmSNID? Error on tmSNIDdstat.errorfloatnullabletmobsDate of maximum ligt in the V band obtained directly from SN photometrydtime.epochfloate_tmobsError on tmobsdstat.errorfloatDifftm? Difference between tmSNID and tmobsdtime;arith.difffloatnullable_RARight Ascension (J2000) from SIMBAD (not part of the original data)degpos.eq.ra;meta.main_DEDeclination (J2000) from SIMBAD (not part of the original data)degpos.eq.dec;meta.mainSimbadSimbad column added by the CDSmeta.ref.urlcharJ/MNRAS/488/4239/tablea3SNe IIb with no observed maximum samplerecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintNameSupernova name (YYYYaa)meta.id;meta.maincharzHeliocentric redshift of the host obtained from NEDsrc.redshiftdoubletexplExplosion epoch of the supernovadtime.epochfloate_texplError on texpldstat.errorfloattVmaxEpoch of maximum light of the supernova light curve in the V banddtime.epochfloate_tVmaxError on tVmaxdstat.errorfloatphrefPhotometry reference (1)meta.bibintsprefSpectral reference (2)meta.bibintcircularReference of the discovery circularmeta.bibchar_RARight Ascension (J2000) from SIMBAD (not part of the original data)degpos.eq.ra;meta.main_DEDeclination (J2000) from SIMBAD (not part of the original data)degpos.eq.dec;meta.mainSimbadSimbad column added by the CDSmeta.ref.urlcharJ/MNRAS/488/4239/tablea4Parameters obtained with respect to explosion epochtdm2V? Phase corresponding to dm2Vdtime.epochfloatnullablee_triserError on triserdstat.errorfloatrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintTypeSupernova type (II or IIb)src.classchardm2V? Earliest minimum of the second light-curve derivative after maximum light in the V band (3)0.01mag.d**-2stat.fit.paramdoublenullablee_dm2V? Error on dm2V (5)0.01mag.d**-2stat.errordoublenullablee_tdm2V? Error on tdm2V (6)dstat.errorfloatnullableDV4030? Magnitude difference between phases 30 and 40d post-explosion in the V band (4)magphot.mag;arith.difffloatnullablee_DV4030? Error on DV4030magstat.errorfloatnullabletriserTime to maximum light or rise time in the r band (1)dtime.epochfloatdm1r? Earliest maximum of the first light-curve derivative after maximum light in the r band (2)0.01mag.d**-2stat.fit.paramfloatnullablee_dm1r? Error on dm1r (5)0.01mag.d**-2stat.errorfloatnullabletdm1r? Phase corresponding to dm1rdtime.epochfloatnullablee_tdm1r? Error on tdm1r (6)dstat.errorfloatnullabledm2r? Earliest minimum of the second light-curve derivative after maximum light in the r band (3)0.01mag.d**-2stat.fit.paramdoublenullablee_dm2r? Error on dm2r (5)0.01mag.d**-2stat.errordoublenullabletdm2r? Phase corresponding to dm2rdtime.epochfloatnullablee_tdm2r? Error on tdm2r (6)dstat.errorfloatnullableDr4030? Magnitude difference between phases 30 and 40d post-explosion in the r band (4)magphot.mag;arith.difffloatnullablee_Dr4030? Error on Dr4030magstat.errorfloatnullable_RARight Ascension (J2000) from SIMBAD (not part of the original data)degpos.eq.ra;meta.main_DEDeclination (J2000) from SIMBAD (not part of the original data)degpos.eq.dec;meta.maine_dm1B? Error on dm1B (5)0.01mag.d**-2stat.errorfloatnullableSimbadSimbad column added by the CDSmeta.ref.urlcharNameSupernova name (YYYYaa, YYYYaaa or YYYYA)meta.id;meta.mainchartriseBTime to maximum light or rise time in the B band (1)dtime.epochfloate_triseBError on triseBdstat.errorfloatdm1B? Earliest maximum of the first light-curve derivative after maximum light in the B band (2)0.01mag.d**-2stat.fit.paramfloatnullabletdm1B? Phase corresponding to dm1Bdtime.epochfloatnullablee_tdm1B? Error on tdm1B (6)dstat.errorfloatnullabledm2B? Earliest minimum of the second light-curve derivative after maximum light in the B band (3)0.01mag.d**-2stat.fit.paramdoublenullablee_dm2B? Error on dm2B (5)0.01mag.d**-2stat.errordoublenullabletdm2B? Phase corresponding to dm2Bdtime.epochfloatnullablee_tdm2B? Error on tdm2B (6)dstat.errorfloatnullableDB4030? Magnitude difference between phases 30 and 40d post-explosion in the B band (4)magphot.mag;arith.difffloatnullablee_DB4030? Error on DB4030magstat.errorfloatnullabletriseVTime to maximum light or rise time in the V band (1)dtime.epochfloate_triseVError on triseVdstat.errorfloatdm1V? Earliest maximum of the first light-curve derivative after maximum light in the V band (2)0.01mag.d**-2stat.fit.paramfloatnullablee_dm1V? Error on dm1V (5)0.01mag.d**-2stat.errorfloatnullabletdm1V? Phase corresponding to dm1Vdtime.epochfloatnullablee_tdm1V? Error on tdm1V (6)dstat.errorfloatnullable