J/MNRAS/485/2417ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/MNRAS/485/2417doi:10.26093/cds/vizier.74852417CDSMontarges M.Homan W.Keller D.Clementel N.Shetye S.Decin L.,Harper G.M.Royer P.Castro-Carrizo A.Winters J.M.Le Bertre T.,Richards A.M.S.2024-08-19T20:17:24Z2019-03-19T14:49:12ZCDS support team

CDS, Observatoire de Strasbourg, 11 rue de l'Universite, F-67000 Strasbourg, France

cds-question@unistra.frsupergiant-starsco-line-emissionradio-astronomyRed supergiant stars are surrounded by a gaseous and dusty circumstellar environment created by their mass loss which spreads heavy elements into the interstellar medium. The structure and the dynamics of this envelope are crucial to understand the processes driving the red supergiant mass loss and the shaping of the pre-supernova ejecta. We have observed the emission from the CO J=2-1 line from the red supergiant star {mu} Cep with the NOEMA interferometer. In the line the synthesized beam was 0.92x0.72-arcsec (590x462au at 641pc). The continuum map shows only the unresolved contribution of the free-free emission of the star chromosphere. The continuum-subtracted channel maps reveal a very inhomogeneous and clumpy circumstellar environment. In particular, we detected a bright CO clump, as bright as the central source in the line, at 1.80-arcsec south-west from the star, in the blue channel maps. After a deprojection of the radial velocity assuming two different constant wind velocities, the observations were modelled using the 3D radiative transfer code LIME to derive the characteristics of the different structures. We determine that the gaseous clumps observed around {mu} Cep are responsible for a mass loss rate of (4.9+/-1.0)x10^-7^M_[sun}_/yr, in addition to a spatially unresolved wind component with an estimated mass-loss rate of 2.0x10^-6^M_[sun}_/yr. Therefore, the clumps have a significant role in {mu} Cep's mass loss (>=25%). We cannot exclude that the unresolved central outflow may be made of smaller unresolved clumps.2019MNRAS.485.2417Mhttps://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/cat/J/MNRAS/485/2417CatalogResearchIsServedByTAP VizieR generic serviceIsServedByConesearch servicerelated-toII/237 : Stellar Photometry in Johnson's 11-color system (Ducati, 2002)J/A+A/537/A146 : Stellar models with rotation. 0.8<M<120, Z=0.014https://cds.unistra.fr/vizier-org/licences_vizier.htmlhttps://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/MNRAS/485/2417https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/MNRAS/485/2417http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/MNRAS/485/2417https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/MNRAS/485/2417https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/MNRAS/485/2417http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/MNRAS/485/2417GETtext/xml+votablehttps://tapvizier.cds.unistra.fr/TAPVizieR/tapCone search capability for table J/MNRAS/485/2417/list (List of fits file)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/MNRAS/485/2417/list?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/MNRAS/485/2417/list?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/MNRAS/485/2417/list?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true325.876958.780030.005555555555555556Associated datahttps://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/assocdata/?obs_collection=J/MNRAS/485/24176/15650https://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/moc/J/MNRAS/485/2417?format=asciiRadiodefaultJ/MNRAS/485/2417/table2mu Cep and stellar and derived basic stellar parameters from updated distance estimationrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintDistDistance of the starpcpos.distanceintE_DistUpper error of the distancepcstat.error;stat.maxinte_DistLower error of the distancepcstat.errorintRadStellar radiussolRadphys.size.radiusinte_RadError on the stellar radiussolRadstat.errorintFbolBolometric fluxW.m**-2phot.flux.boldoublee_FbolError on the bolometric fluxW.m**-2stat.errordoubleTeffEffective temperatureKphys.temperature.effectiveinte_TeffError on the effective temperatureKstat.error;phys.temperature.effectiveintlogLlog of the luminositylog(solLum)phys.luminosityfloatE_logLUpper error on the luminositylog(solLum)stat.error;stat.maxfloate_logLLower error on the luminositylog(solLum)stat.errorfloatb_MassLower limit on the initial masssolMassphys.mass;stat.minintB_MassUpper limit on the initial masssolMassphys.mass;stat.maxintJ/MNRAS/485/2417/listList of fits filerecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintRAJ2000Right Ascension of center (J2000)degpos.eq.ra;meta.mainDEJ2000Declination of center (J2000)degpos.eq.dec;meta.mainNxNumber of pixels along X-axismeta.numberintNyNumber of pixels along Y-axismeta.numberintNz? Number of slices for the datacubemeta.numberintnullablebVRADRadial velocity or lower value of radial velocity for the datacubem/sphys.veloc;pos.heliocentricdoubleBVRAD? Upper value of radial velocity for the datacubem/sphys.veloc;stat.maxintnullabledVRAD? Velocity resolution for the datacubem/sphys.veloc;spect.resolutionfloatnullablesizeSize of FITS fileKibytephys.size;meta.fitsintFileNameName of FITS file, in subdirectory fitsmeta.id;meta.fitscharTitleTitle of the FITS filemeta.title;meta.fitscharAssocDataAssociated Data web pagemeta.ref.urlchar