J/MNRAS/455/4136ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/MNRAS/455/4136doi:10.26093/cds/vizier.74554136CDSBorkovits T.Hajdu T.Sztakovics J.Rappaport S.Levine A.Biro I.B.,Klagyivik P.2024-08-15T20:17:01Z2017-02-17T07:54:27ZCDS support team

CDS, Observatoire de Strasbourg, 11 rue de l'Universite, F-67000 Strasbourg, France

cds-question@unistra.frmultiple-starseclipsing-binary-starsWe produce and analyse eclipse time variation (ETV) curves for some 2600 Kepler binaries. We find good to excellent evidence for a third body in 222 systems via either the light-travel-time (LTTE) or dynamical effect delays. Approximately half of these systems have been discussed in previous work, while the rest are newly reported here. Via detailed analysis of the ETV curves using high-level analytic approximations, we are able to extract system masses and information about the three-dimensional characteristics of the triple for 62 systems which exhibit both LTTE and dynamical delays; for the remaining 160 systems, we give improved LTTE solutions. New techniques of pre-processing the flux time series are applied to eliminate false positive triples and to enhance the ETV curves. The set of triples with outer orbital periods shorter than ~2000d is now sufficiently numerous for meaningful statistical analysis. We find that (i) there is a peak near i_m_=~40{deg} in the distribution of the triple versus inner binary mutual inclination angles that provides strong confirmation of the operation of Kozai-Lidov cycles with tidal friction; (ii) the median eccentricity of the third-body orbits is e_2_=0.35; (iii) there is a deficit of triple systems with binary periods <~1d and outer periods between ~50 and 200d which might help guide the refinement of theories of the formation and evolution of close binaries; and (iv) the substantial fraction of Kepler binaries which have third-body companions is consistent with a very large fraction of all binaries being part of triples.2016MNRAS.455.4136Bhttps://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/cat/J/MNRAS/455/4136CatalogResearchIsServedByTAP VizieR generic serviceIsServedByConesearch servicerelated-toV/133 : Kepler Input Catalog (Kepler Mission Team, 2009)https://cds.unistra.fr/vizier-org/licences_vizier.htmlhttps://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/MNRAS/455/4136https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/MNRAS/455/4136http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/MNRAS/455/4136https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/MNRAS/455/4136https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/MNRAS/455/4136http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/MNRAS/455/4136GETtext/xml+votablehttps://tapvizier.cds.unistra.fr/TAPVizieR/tapCone search capability for table J/MNRAS/455/4136/table2 (Properties of the investigated systems)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/MNRAS/455/4136/table2?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/MNRAS/455/4136/table2?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/MNRAS/455/4136/table2?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true292.6774637.3179590.0055555555555555565/3646 3683 3688 3690 3692 3706 3732-3733 3776 3780 6/14575 14577-14581 14583 14591 14730-14731 14738 14744 14746 14750-14751 14757-14759 14765-14767 14772 14774-14775 14777 14779 14781-14783 14792 14794 14817-14819 14830 14915 14919 14923-14925 14939-14940 14942 14945 14947 14950 14956 14958-14959 14961 14963 14966-14969 14972-14974 15044 15060 15062 15109-15110 15112-15113 15117-15119 15124 15127 15130 15132-15133 15136-15137 15141 15143 15145-15146 15152-15153 15155 15157 15159 15171-15172 15178https://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/moc/J/MNRAS/455/4136?format=asciidefaultJ/MNRAS/455/4136/table2Properties of the investigated systemsKICKIC numbermeta.id;meta.mainintprimaryn_KIC[ab] Note on KIC (1)meta.notecharTypeLight-curve classifications according to the classical eclipsing binary typology (see, e.g., Kallrath & Milone 2009) (2)src.classcharMorph? Light-curve classification according to the recently introduced morphology of Matijevic et al. (2012AJ....143..123M)src.classfloatnullableT0Epoch used for plotting O-C curvesdtime.epoch;instr.setupdoubleP1Sidereal period used for plotting O-C curvesdtime.period;instr.setupdoublen_P1[(/2) ] Note on P1meta.notecharKepmagKepler magnitude from Kepler Input Catalog (Batalha et al., 2010ApJ...713L.109B)magphot.mag;em.optfloatLenght? Data lengthdtime.intervalintnullableLenght2? Second data lengthdtime.intervalintnullableETV/QTVNumbers of calculated ETV and QTV curves (3)meta.numbercharFcurveFitted curves (4)meta.codecharFtypeFit type (5)meta.codecharTabLocation of the solution of the given system (6)meta.id;meta.datasetcharRefReferences (7)meta.refchar_RAPositions from KIC (2009, Cat. V/133) (right ascension part)degpos.eq.ra;meta.mainrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintMoreindicates informations in other tablesmeta.ref.urlchar_DEPositions from KIC (2009, Cat. V/133) (declination part)degpos.eq.dec;meta.mainJ/MNRAS/455/4136/table3Orbital elements from LTTE solutions for systems, where more than two outer periods are covered, or/and triply eclipsing systems(mC)minMinimal mass of the third companionsolMassphys.massfloatAratio? Ratio of the amplitudes of the dynamical and LTTE contributions, A_dyn_/A_LTTE_phot.mag;arith.ratiofloatnullablemABMass of the AB components (inner binary)solMassphys.massfloate_mAB? rms uncertainty on mABsolMassstat.errorfloatnullableu_mAB[:] Uncertainty flag on mABmeta.code.errorcharrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintKICKIC numbermeta.id;meta.mainintu_KICUncertainty flag on KICmeta.code.errorcharn_KIC[abcd] Note on KIC (1)meta.notecharP1Inner orbital perioddtime.perioddoublee_P1rms uncertainty on P11e-08dstat.errorintDP1? {Delta}P1 parameter (2)1e-10dstat.fit.paramdoublenullablee_DP1? rms uncertainty on DP11e-10dstat.errorfloatnullableP2Outer orbital perioddtime.periodfloate_P2rms uncertainty on P2dstat.errorfloatasin(i2)Projected semimajor axis of the LTTE orbit of the binary, a_AB_sin(i2), where i2 is the inclination of the wide orbitsolRadphys.angSize.smajAxisfloate_asin(i2)rms uncertainty on asin(i2)solRadstat.errorfloate2Median eccentricity of the third-body orbitsrc.orbital.eccentricity;stat.medianfloate_e2rms uncertainty on e2stat.errorfloatomega2Outer argument of periastrondegsrc.orbital.periastronfloate_omega2rms uncertainty on omega2degstat.errorfloattau2Outer epoch (BJD)dtime.epochinte_tau2rms uncertainty on tau2dstat.errorintf(mC)Mass function of the third companionsolMassphys.massdoublee_f(mC)rms uncertainty on f(mC)solMassstat.errordoubleJ/MNRAS/455/4136/table4Orbital elements from LTTE solutions which cover more than one but less than two outer periodsrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintKICKIC numbermeta.id;meta.mainintu_KICUncertainty flag on KICmeta.code.errorcharn_KIC[abcd] Note on KIC (1)meta.notecharP1Inner orbital perioddtime.perioddoublee_P1rms uncertainty on P11e-08dstat.errorintDP1? {Delta}P1 parameter (2)1e-10dstat.fit.paramdoublenullablee_DP1? rms uncertainty on DP11e-10dstat.errorfloatnullableP2Outer orbital perioddtime.periodfloate_P2rms uncertainty on P2dstat.errorfloatasin(i2)Projected semimajor axis of the LTTE orbit of the binary, a_AB_sin(i2), where i2 is the inclination of the wide orbitsolRadphys.angSize.smajAxisfloate_asin(i2)rms uncertainty on asin(i2)solRadstat.errorfloate2Median eccentricity of the third-body orbitsrc.orbital.eccentricity;stat.medianfloate_e2rms uncertainty on e2stat.errorfloatomega2Outer argument of periastrondegsrc.orbital.periastronfloate_omega2rms uncertainty on omega2degstat.errorfloattau2Outer epoch (BJD)dtime.epochinte_tau2rms uncertainty on tau2dstat.errorinte_f(mC)rms uncertainty on f(mC)solMassstat.errordoublef(mC)Mass function of the third companionsolMassphys.massdouble(mC)minMinimal mass of the third companionsolMassphys.massfloatAratio? Ratio of the amplitudes of the dynamical and LTTE contributions, A_dyn_/A_LTTE_phot.mag;arith.ratiofloatnullablemABMass of the AB components (inner binary)solMassphys.massfloate_mAB? rms uncertainty on mABsolMassstat.errorfloatnullableu_mAB[:] Uncertainty flag on mABmeta.code.errorcharJ/MNRAS/455/4136/table5Orbital elements from LTTE solutions which cover less than a full periodKICKIC numbermeta.id;meta.mainintomega2Outer argument of periastrondegsrc.orbital.periastronfloate_omega2rms uncertainty on omega2degstat.errorfloattau2Outer epoch (BJD)dtime.epochinte_tau2rms uncertainty on tau2dstat.errorintf(mC)Mass function of the third companionsolMassphys.massdoublee_f(mC)rms uncertainty on f(mC)solMassstat.errordouble(mC)minMinimal mass of the third companionsolMassphys.massfloatAratio? Ratio of the amplitudes of the dynamical and LTTE contributions, A_dyn_/A_LTTE_phot.mag;arith.ratiofloatnullablemABMass of the AB components (inner binary)solMassphys.massfloate_mAB? rms uncertainty on mABsolMassstat.errorfloatnullableu_mAB[:] Uncertainty flag on mABmeta.code.errorcharrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintu_KICUncertainty flag on KICmeta.code.errorcharn_KIC[abcd] Note on KIC (1)meta.notecharP1Inner orbital perioddtime.perioddoublee_P1rms uncertainty on P11e-08dstat.errorintDP1? {Delta}P1 parameter (2)1e-10dstat.fit.paramdoublenullablee_DP1? rms uncertainty on DP11e-10dstat.errorfloatnullableP2Outer orbital perioddtime.periodfloate_P2rms uncertainty on P2dstat.errorfloatasin(i2)Projected semimajor axis of the LTTE orbit of the binary, a_AB_sin(i2), where i2 is the inclination of the wide orbitsolRadphys.angSize.smajAxisfloate_asin(i2)rms uncertainty on asin(i2)solRadstat.errorfloate2Median eccentricity of the third-body orbitsrc.orbital.eccentricity;stat.medianfloate_e2rms uncertainty on e2stat.errorfloatJ/MNRAS/455/4136/table6Orbital elements from combined dynamical and LTTE solutions for systems, where more than two outer periods are covered, or/and triply eclipsing systemsmC/mABCMass ratiophys.mass;arith.ratiodoublerecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintu_KICUncertainty flag on KICmeta.code.errorcharn_KIC[ac] Note on KIC (1)meta.notecharP1Inner orbital perioddtime.perioddoublee_P1? rms uncertainty on P11e-08dstat.errorintnullableP2? Outer orbital perioddtime.perioddoublenullablee_P2? rms uncertainty on P2dstat.errordoublenullablea2Outer semi-major axissolRadphys.angSize.smajAxisfloate2Median eccentricity of the third-body orbitsrc.orbital.eccentricity;stat.medianfloate_e2? rms uncertainty on e2stat.errorfloatnullableomega2? Outer argument of periastrondegsrc.orbital.periastronfloatnullablee_omega2? rms uncertainty on omega2degstat.errorfloatnullabletau2? Outer epoch (BJD)dtime.epochdoublenullablee_tau2? rms uncertainty on tau2dstat.errorfloatnullablef(mC)Mass function of the third companionsolMassphys.massdoublee_f(mC)? rms uncertainty on f(mC)solMassstat.errordoublenullablee_mC/mABCrms uncertainty on mC/mABCstat.errordoublemABMass of the AB componentssolMassphys.massfloate_mAB? rms uncertainty on mABsolMassstat.errorfloatnullablemCMass of the third companionsolMassphys.massfloate_mCrms uncertainty on mCsolMassstat.errorfloatAratioRatio of the amplitudes of the dynamical and LTTE contributions, A_dyn_/A_LTTE_phot.mag;arith.ratiofloatKICKIC numbermeta.id;meta.maininte_a2rms uncertainty on a2solRadstat.errorfloatJ/MNRAS/455/4136/table7Orbital elements from combined dynamical and LTTE solutions which cover more than one but less than two outer periodse_P2? rms uncertainty on P2dstat.errordoublenullablea2Outer semi-major axissolRadphys.angSize.smajAxisfloate_a2rms uncertainty on a2solRadstat.errorfloate2Median eccentricity of the third-body orbitsrc.orbital.eccentricity;stat.medianfloate_e2? rms uncertainty on e2stat.errorfloatnullableomega2? Outer argument of periastrondegsrc.orbital.periastronfloatnullablee_omega2? rms uncertainty on omega2degstat.errorfloatnullabletau2? Outer epoch (BJD)dtime.epochdoublenullablee_tau2? rms uncertainty on tau2dstat.errorfloatnullablef(mC)Mass function of the third companionsolMassphys.massdoublee_f(mC)? rms uncertainty on f(mC)solMassstat.errordoublenullablemC/mABCMass ratiophys.mass;arith.ratiodoublee_mC/mABCrms uncertainty on mC/mABCstat.errordoublemABMass of the AB componentssolMassphys.massfloate_mAB? rms uncertainty on mABsolMassstat.errorfloatnullablemCMass of the third companionsolMassphys.massfloate_mCrms uncertainty on mCsolMassstat.errorfloatAratioRatio of the amplitudes of the dynamical and LTTE contributions, A_dyn_/A_LTTE_phot.mag;arith.ratiofloatrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintKICKIC numbermeta.id;meta.mainintu_KICUncertainty flag on KICmeta.code.errorcharn_KIC[ac] Note on KIC (1)meta.notecharP1Inner orbital perioddtime.perioddoublee_P1? rms uncertainty on P11e-08dstat.errorintnullableP2? Outer orbital perioddtime.perioddoublenullableJ/MNRAS/455/4136/table8Orbital elements from combined dynamical and LTTE solutions which cover less than a full outer periodrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintu_KICUncertainty flag on KICmeta.code.errorcharn_KIC[ac] Note on KIC (1)meta.notecharP1Inner orbital perioddtime.perioddoublee_P1? rms uncertainty on P11e-08dstat.errorintnullableP2? Outer orbital perioddtime.perioddoublenullablee_P2? rms uncertainty on P2dstat.errordoublenullablea2Outer semi-major axissolRadphys.angSize.smajAxisfloate_a2rms uncertainty on a2solRadstat.errorfloate2Median eccentricity of the third-body orbitsrc.orbital.eccentricity;stat.medianfloate_e2? rms uncertainty on e2stat.errorfloatnullableomega2? Outer argument of periastrondegsrc.orbital.periastronfloatnullablee_omega2? rms uncertainty on omega2degstat.errorfloatnullabletau2? Outer epoch (BJD)dtime.epochdoublenullablee_tau2? rms uncertainty on tau2dstat.errorfloatnullablef(mC)Mass function of the third companionsolMassphys.massdoublee_f(mC)? rms uncertainty on f(mC)solMassstat.errordoublenullablemC/mABCMass ratiophys.mass;arith.ratiodoublee_mC/mABCrms uncertainty on mC/mABCstat.errordoublemABMass of the AB componentssolMassphys.massfloate_mAB? rms uncertainty on mABsolMassstat.errorfloatnullablemCMass of the third companionsolMassphys.massfloate_mCrms uncertainty on mCsolMassstat.errorfloatAratioRatio of the amplitudes of the dynamical and LTTE contributions, A_dyn_/A_LTTE_phot.mag;arith.ratiofloatKICKIC numbermeta.id;meta.mainintJ/MNRAS/455/4136/table9Orbital elements from LTTE solutions for systems which probably are oscillating variables instead of binaries (i.e. false positive EBs)e_P2rms uncertainty on P2dstat.errorfloatasin(i2)Projected semimajor axis of the LTTE orbit of the binary, a_AB_sin(i2), where i2 is the inclination of the wide orbitsolRadphys.angSize.smajAxisfloatrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintKICKIC numbermeta.id;meta.mainintu_KICUncertainty flag on KICmeta.code.errorcharn_KIC[abcd] Note on KIC (1)meta.notecharP1Inner orbital perioddtime.perioddoublee_P1rms uncertainty on P11e-08dstat.errorintDP1? {Delta}P1 parameter (2)1e-10dstat.fit.paramdoublenullablee_DP1? rms uncertainty on DP11e-10dstat.errorfloatnullableP2Outer orbital perioddtime.periodfloate_asin(i2)rms uncertainty on asin(i2)solRadstat.errorfloate2Median eccentricity of the third-body orbitsrc.orbital.eccentricity;stat.medianfloate_e2rms uncertainty on e2stat.errorfloatomega2Outer argument of periastrondegsrc.orbital.periastronfloate_omega2rms uncertainty on omega2degstat.errorfloattau2Outer epoch (BJD)dtime.epochinte_tau2rms uncertainty on tau2dstat.errorintf(mC)Mass function of the third companionsolMassphys.massdoublee_f(mC)rms uncertainty on f(mC)solMassstat.errordouble(mC)minMinimal mass of the third companionsolMassphys.massfloatAratio? Ratio of the amplitudes of the dynamical and LTTE contributions, A_dyn_/A_LTTE_phot.mag;arith.ratiofloatnullablemABMass of the AB components (inner binary)solMassphys.massfloate_mAB? rms uncertainty on mABsolMassstat.errorfloatnullableu_mAB[:] Uncertainty flag on mABmeta.code.errorcharJ/MNRAS/455/4136/table10Apsidal motion and/or orientation parameters from AME and dynamical fitsDOMEGA? Ascending node {DELTA}{OMEGA} ({OMEGA}2-{OMEGA}1)degsrc.orbital.nodefloatnullablee_DOMEGA? rms uncertainty on DOMEGAdegstat.errorfloatnullablePnode? Node periodyrsrc.orbital.nodedoublenullablee_Pnode? rms uncertainty on Pnodeyrstat.errorintnullablee_tau1? rms uncertainty on tau1dstat.errorfloatnullablePapse? Apsidal periodyrtime.perioddoublenullablee_Papse? rms uncertainty on Paspeyrstat.errordoublenullableim? Mutual (relative) inclinationdegsrc.orbital.inclinationfloatnullablen_im[ac] Note on im (1)meta.notechare_im? rms uncertainty on imdegstat.errorfloatnullablei1? Inner observable inclinationdegsrc.orbital.inclinationfloatnullablee_i1? rms uncertainty on i1degstat.errorfloatnullablei2? Outer observable inclinationdegsrc.orbital.inclinationfloatnullablerecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintKICKIC numbermeta.id;meta.mainintPanomAnomalistic perioddtime.perioddoublee_Panomrms uncertainty on Panomdstat.errordoublea1? Semi-major axissolRadphys.angSize.smajAxisfloatnullablee_a1? rms uncertainty on a1solRadstat.errorfloatnullablee1Eccentricitysrc.orbital.eccentricitydoublee_e1? rms uncertainty on e1stat.errordoublenullablen_e1[b] Note on e1 (1)meta.notecharomega1? Inner argument of periastrondegsrc.orbital.periastronfloatnullablee_omega1? rms uncertainty on omega1degstat.errorfloatnullabletau1? Inner epoch (MJD)dtime.epochdoublenullable