J/ApJS/281/52ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJS/281/52CDSWang Y.Zhang L.-Y.Su T.Misra P.Han X.L.2026-08-12T12:43:56Z2026-08-12T13:26:20ZCDS support team

CDS, Observatoire de Strasbourg, 11 rue de l'Universite, F-67000 Strasbourg, France

cds-question@unistra.frstellar-flaresphotometryvisible-astronomygiant-starsstellar-spectral-typeseffective-temperatureStellar flares are important indicators of stellar magnetic activity and have been widely studied. Detailed studies of flares have raised new questions. For example, the quasiperiodic pulsation (QPP) phenomenon in flares challenges standard flare models, yet the underlying mechanism of this phenomenon remains poorly understood. We utilize the 2 minute cadence light-curve data from TESS Sectors 1-74 prior to 2024 January 30. By combining the previously published convolutional neural network-based machine learning flare identification method with traditional flare detection techniques, we have obtained a flare sample consisting of 208,280 flare events from 29,280 flare stars. In our flare events sample, flares with rise times within 10 minutes and decay times within 50 minutes account for more than 90% of the total number of flares. The proportion of flare stars is higher in binaries, the main sequence, and stars with KM spectral types compared to single stars, giants, and stars with spectral types other than KM. The fitted {alpha} index results for the flare frequency distributions across different evolutionary stages indicate a general trend of decreasing {alpha} index from main-sequence stars to giants. Except for M-type stars, the {alpha} index also gradually decreases from K-type to O-type stars. Using the flare QPP identification method, based on the fully convolutional networks published by previous researchers, we have also identified flare events with QPP, and through flare parameter constraints, we selected 10,465 flares with QPP features from M-type stars and qualitatively investigated their correlations with stellar parameters.2025ApJS..281...52Whttps://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/cat/J/ApJS/281/52CatalogResearchIsServedByTAP VizieR generic serviceIsServedByConesearch servicerelated-toIV/38 : TESS Input Catalog - v8.0 (TIC-8) (Stassun+, 2019)J/A+AS/139/555 : Catalogue and Bibliography of UV Cet stars (Gershberg+ 1999)J/ApJ/699/649 : Young M dwarfs within 25pc. I. (Shkolnik+, 2009)J/AJ/141/50 : White-light flares from Kepler (Walkowicz+, 2011)J/MNRAS/435/2161 : Catalogue of bright (K<9) M dwarfs (Frith+, 2013)J/ApJS/207/15 : M dwarf flare spectra (Kowalski+, 2013)J/ApJS/209/5 : Superflares of Kepler stars. I. (Shibayama+, 2013)J/MNRAS/447/2714 : Flare stars across the H-R diagram (Balona+, 2015)J/ApJ/812/3 : MEarth M dwarfs rotation & kinematics (West+, 2015)J/ApJ/833/284 : Quasi-periodic pulsations in solar flares (Inglis+, 2016)J/ApJ/851/91 : Stat. studies of solar white-light flares (Namekata+, 2017)J/ApJ/866/99 : Radii of KIC stars & planets using Gaia DR2 (Berger+, 2018)J/other/NatAs/3.760 : Blue supergiants low-freq. gravity waves (Bowman+, 2019)J/ApJ/871/193 : Chandra & LAMOST study of stellar activity (He+, 2019)J/A+A/628/A81 : Gaia DR2-based catalogue of 237 Ap stars (Scholz+, 2019)J/A+A/629/A3 : NGC1326A, 1425 & 4548 supergiants VI mags (Spetsieri+, 2019)J/ApJS/241/29 : Flare catalog through LC data of Kepler DR25 (Yang+, 2019)J/MNRAS/494/3596 : Superflares in solar-type stars with TESS (Doyle+, 2020)J/AJ/159/60 : Flares from 1228 stars in TESS sectors 1+2 (Gunther+, 2020)J/ApJ/890/46 : Superflares on solar-type stars from TESS 1st yr (Tu+, 2020)J/MNRAS/505/L79 : Characteristic time of stellar flares (Yan+, 2021)J/ApJ/926/204 : TESS campaign of low-mass flare stars (Howard+, 2022)J/ApJ/935/90 : Superflare candidates in ~72000 G-stars (Tu+, 2022)J/A+A/668/A167 : Superflares on solar-like stars (Vasilyev+, 2022)J/A+A/669/A15 : TESS flare events and physical parameters (Yang+, 2023)J/A+A/686/A239 : Flare morphology with CHEOPS and TESS (Bruno+, 2024)J/AJ/168/234 : Flares & flaring stars from TESS (Lin+, 2024)J/A+A/686/A164 : Magnetic activity of radio stars (Wang+, 2024)J/A+A/694/A161 : Stellar flare morphology with TESS (Seli+, 2025)http://heasarc.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/tess/sector.html : TESS sector informationhttps://cds.unistra.fr/vizier-org/licences_vizier.htmlhttps://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJS/281/52https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJS/281/52http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJS/281/52https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJS/281/52https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJS/281/52http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJS/281/52GETtext/xml+votablehttps://tapvizier.cds.unistra.fr/TAPVizieR/tapCone search capability for table J/ApJS/281/52/table1 (Star parameters of TESS objects)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJS/281/52/table1?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJS/281/52/table1?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJS/281/52/table1?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true45.08645611-40.499888060.0055555555555555560/9 1/3-4 6-7 9 11 14-15 20 32-33 40 42 44-45 2/0 2-4 6-8 10-11 21-23 33-35 41-43 50-51 53-55 64 66-68 70-71 73 77 84-85 87-88 93-98 103-106 108 111 127 136-137 139-142 164-166 184-185 3/4-5 7 20 22-23 37-39 80-81 83 128 130-131 161-163 193-197 199 209-211 260-261 277-279 288-289 291 297 301 304-306 314-315 317 319 344 346-347 356-358 360 365-369 371 396 398-399 406 409 411 428-430 437-440 442-443 448 468 471 477 479 491 501-503 505-507 552-554 572-574 668 688-690 696 744-746 748 752-754 756 4/24 26-27 84 86-87 144-145 147 328-330 516-518 640 642-643 770 792-793 795 832 834 1048-1050 1052 1054-1055 1104-1105 1107 1160-1161 1163 1185 1187 1192-1194 1196 1199-1201 1203 1210-1211 1213-1215 1228 1248-1249 1251-1252 1254-1255 1265 1267 1273 1275 1380 1382-1383 1436 1438-1439 1444-1445 1447-1449 1451 1453-1455 1457-1459 1481-1483 1588 1590-1591 1608 1611 1614-1615 1617 1620-1621 1623 1630-1631 1641 1643 1724-1725 1727 1744 1746-1747 1764 1766-1767 1796 1800 1859-1860 1862-1863 1865 1868 1879 1881 1883 1893 1895 1904 1907 1912-1913 1915 1954 1960 1962-1963 1978-1979 1997 1999 2003 2019 2220-2222 2300-2302 2676 2680-2682 2764 2766 2792 2794 2805-2807 2811-2812 2814-2815 2988-2989 2991 2996-2998 3000-3001 3020-3021 3028-3029 3055 3063 3066 3069 3071 5/100-102 340-342 584 586-587 1325-1327 2076-2078 2564-2566 3072 3074-3078 3085-3087 3177-3179 3332-3334 3340 3342-3343 4204 4206-4207 4212-4214 4425-4427 4648-4649 4651 4737-4739 4744 4746-4747 4780-4782 4788-4790 4792-4793 4795 4808 4810 4832-4833 4837 4839 4849-4851 4916-4917 4920 4922-4923 5000-5002 5012 5056-5057 5059 5065 5067 5089-5090 5096 5098-5099 5524 5526-5527 5748 5750-5751 5784-5786 5800 5802-5803 5808 5810-5811 5824-5826 5922-5923 6356-6358 6400-6402 6408 6410-6411 6436-6438 6441-6443 6450-6451 6455 6465 6467 6474-6475 6477 6488-6489 6491 6512 6514-6515 6517-6519 6528-6529 6531-6533 6535-6538 6541-6543 6560 6562 6568-6569 6571 6904-6905 6907 6980-6981 6983 7060 7062-7063 7188 7190 7192-7194 7204-7206 7208-7210 7429-7433 7435 7444-7445 7447 7457 7469 7476-7478 7480-7481 7483-7484 7486-7487 7504 7506-7509 7511-7512 7514-7515 7520-7521 7523 7528 7530-7531 7568-7569 7571 7605 7620 7622-7623 7625-7627 7656-7657 7659 7808 7810-7811 7814 7820-7822 7834-7835 7838 7845-7847 7906-7907 7927 7930-7931 7933-7935 7983 7993-7995 8004 8006-8007 8009-8011 8069-8071 8073 8075 8892 8894-8895 9212-9213 10708-10710 10712-10714 10732 10734 10736 11060 11062 11072-11074 11080 11134-11135 11152 11154 11172 11174 11180 11217 11219 11237 11239 11252-11254 11960-11962 11996-11997 12008-12010 12016 12088-12090 12120-12121 12124-12125 12127-12129 12149 12160-12162 12164 12250-12251 12259 12262 12268 12270-12273 12275 12281 6/412-414 1373-1375 2340-2342 5297-5299 8316 8318-8319 10268-10270 12292 12294-12295 12317-12319 12337-12339 12704-12705 12707 13341-13343 13364-13366 16820-16822 16861-16863 17696 17698-17699 18600-18601 18603 18945 18980-18982 19132 19134-19135 19164-19165 19167 19177-19179 19237 19244 19246 19336 19338-19339 19341-19343 19345-19346 19352 19354 19392-19393 19395 19672-19673 19676-19677 19679 19684 19686-19687 19701 19703-19704 19706 19709 20013-20015 20056 20058-20060 20062 20233 20235 20257 20259 20266 20352 20354 20364-20365 20367 20389-20391 22100 22102-22103 22996 22998-22999 23148-23150 23204 23206-23207 23236 23238-23239 23308-23309 23311 23681-23685 23687 25438-25439 25612 25614 25636 25658-25659 25727 25756-25758 25760-25762 25795 25798 25813 25815-25816 25818-25819 25865 25890-25891 25894 25904-25905 25912 25914-25915 25917 25919 25960-25961 25963 26053-26055 26064-26066 26120-26122 26136-26137 26139 26156-26158 26161-26163 26244-26245 26247 26253-26255 26280 26282-26283 27625-27627 27928-27929 27931 28244-28246 28756 28758-28759 28764 28780 28784 28828 28844 28846 28848 28864 28928-28929 29047 29184-29185 29709-29711 29714-29715 29736-29737 29739 29784-29786 29825 29837 29839 29872-29873 29875 29881 29884-29885 29887 29916-29917 29919 29928 29930-29931 29940-29941 29943 30021-30022 30040-30041 30043 30053-30055 30090-30091 30116-30117 30119 30229 30280-30281 30283 30308-30309 30311 30317 30417 30429 30431 30453 30485-30487 30496-30498 30633 30635 30890-30891 31236 31238-31239 31250 31262-31263 31293-31295 31329-31331 31334-31335 31358 31376-31378 31616 31618-31619 31642-31643 31703 31707 31714-31715 31729-31731 31869-31871 31949-31951 31969-31971 32004-32005 32007 32013-32015 32020 32022-32023 32033-32035 32269 32271 32273-32275 32291 32297-32299 35573-35575 36856-36857 36859 36861-36863 42844-42846 42860-42862 42864-42866 42932-42934 42940 42948 42952 42954 44244-44246 44252 44254 44272-44274 44300-44302 44304 44306 44324 44328 44330 44525-44527 44530 44534 44612-44614 44620 44640 44642 44648 44692-44694 44700 44702 44728 44730 44855 44861 44863 44867 44873-44875 44953-44955 44973-44975 45021-45023 47852 47854-47855 47992-47993 47996 48044 48046 48048-48050 48068-48069 48072 48364 48368-48370 48488-48490 48492 48504-48505 48507 48520-48522 48524 48528-48530 48593 48595 48604-48605 48607 48631 48652-48654 48660-48661 48664 48672 48831 48861-48863 48871 48874-48877 48879 48957-48959 48990-48991 48995 48997-48999 49027 49029-49031 49033-49035 49042 49045 49054 49076 49078-49079 49096-49097 49099 49121 49123 49128 49130-49133 49135https://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/moc/J/ApJS/281/52?format=asciiOpticaldefaultJ/ApJS/281/52/table1Star parameters of TESS objectsrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintNflNumber of flares for this star (link to Table 2)meta.numberintnullableTIC[101/10005000540] TESS identifiermeta.id;meta.mainprimaryRAJ2000Right ascension in decimal degrees (J2000)degpos.eq.ra;meta.mainindexedDEJ2000Declination in decimal degrees (J2000)degpos.eq.dec;meta.mainindexedTESSmag[-1.8/21] TESS apparent magnitudemagphot.mag;em.optfloatTeff[2578.6/75050]? Effective temperatureKphys.temperature.effectivefloatnullablelog(g)[-0.5/6.6]? Log of surface gravitylog(cm.s**-2)phys.gravityfloatnullablePeriod[0/25960]? Perioddtime.perioddoublenullableDist[1.3/34785]? Gaia distancepcpos.distancedoublenullableBinSingle or binary starmeta.codecharOTypeEvolutionary stage ("Main Sequence", "Subgiant", "Red Giant" or "Supergiant")src.classcharSpTypeGaia spectral typesrc.spTypecharRcont[0/149]? Contamination ratio provided by TESS Input Cataloguestat.fit.omcdoublenullableJ/ApJS/281/52/table2Parameters of flare events sourced from 29280 stars from TESS sampleTIC[11182/2055585779] TESS identifiermeta.id;meta.mainlongQPP-per[29.3/299]? QPP periodstime.perioddoublenullablee_QPP-per[0/127]? Uncertainty in QPP-periodsstat.error;time.perioddoublenullableQPP-eye[0/1] QPP sample checked by eye (labeled with 1)meta.codeintrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintSector[1/74] TESS sectormeta.id;obsintBegin[1325.3/3339.49] Flare start time from BJD2457000dtime.epoch;time.startdoublePeak[1325.3/3339.49] Flare peak time from BJD2457000dtime.epoch;stat.maxdoubleEnd[1325.31/3339.52] Flare end time from BJD2457000dtime.epoch;time.enddoubleDur[7.99/8684.1] Flare durationmintime.durationdoubleAmp[0.0009/2718.4] Flare amplitudesrc.var.amplitudedoubleEbol[3.5e+29/1.3e+40]? Bolometric flare energy; in erg units1e-07Jphot.flux.bol;em.energydoublenullableED[-242.2/6685232]? Equivalent Durationstime.durationdoublenullableQPP-prob[7.26e-05/1]? Quasiperiodic pulsation (QPP) confidence predicted by FCN modelstat.probabilitydoublenullable