J/ApJS/280/33ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJS/280/33CDSYang D.Liu H.-L.Liu T.Liu X.Xu F.Qin S.-L.Tej A.Garay G.,Zhu L.Mai X.Jiao W.Zhang S.Dib S.Stutz A.M.Palau A.,Sanhueza P.Zavagno A.Yang A.Y.Tang X.Tang M.Zhang Y.Garcia P.,Zhang T.Saha A.Li S.Goldsmith P.F.Bronfman L.Lee C.W.,Taniguchi K.Das S.R.Gorai P.Hoque A.Chen LiKou Z.Zhou J.,Zhang Y.Toth L.V.Baug T.Shen X.Li C.Zou J.Das A.Nazeer H.,Dewangan L.K.Hwang J.Chibueze J.O.2026-07-22T06:54:28Z2026-07-22T07:36:05ZCDS support team

CDS, Observatoire de Strasbourg, 11 rue de l'Universite, F-67000 Strasbourg, France

cds-question@unistra.frinterstellar-mediummolecular-cloudsstar-forming-regionsmillimeter-astronomyphotometrysubmillimeter-astronomyThe Querying Underlying mechanisms of massive star formation with ALMA-Resolved gas Kinematics and Structures (QUARKS) survey observed 139 infrared-bright (IR-bright) massive protoclusters at 1.3mm wavelength with the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA). This study investigates clump-to-core fragmentation and searches for candidate high-mass starless cores within IR-bright clumps using combined ALMA 12m (C-2) and Atacama Compact Array 7m data, providing ~1" (~0.02pc at 3.7kpc) resolution and ~0.6mJy/beam continuum sensitivity (~0.3M_{sun}_ at 30K). We identified 1562 compact cores from 1.3 mm continuum emission using getsf. Observed linear core separations ({lambda}obs) are significantly less than the thermal Jeans length ({lambda}J), with the {lambda}obs/{lambda}J ratios peaking at ~0.2. This indicates that thermal Jeans fragmentation has taken place within the IR-bright protocluster clumps studied here. The observed low ratio of {lambda}obs/{lambda}J<<1 could be the result of evolving core separation or hierarchical fragmentation. Based on associated signatures of star formation (e.g., outflows and ionized gas), we classified cores into three categories: 127 starless, 971 warm, and 464 evolved cores. Two starless cores have masses exceeding 16M_{sun}_, and represent high-mass candidates. The scarcity of such candidates suggests that competitive accretion-type models could be more applicable than turbulent core accretion-type models in high-mass star formation within these IR-bright protocluster clumps.2025ApJS..280...33Yhttps://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/cat/J/ApJS/280/33CatalogResearchIsServedByTAP VizieR generic serviceIsServedByConesearch servicerelated-toJ/A+A/291/943 : Protostellar cores (Ossenkopf+, 1994)J/A+AS/115/81 : A CS(2-1) survey of UC HII regions (Bronfman+, 1996)J/A+A/426/97 : SIMBA survey. 1.2-mm/IRAS sources (Faundez+, 2004)J/A+A/455/971 : Organic molecules in the Gal. center (Requena-Torres+, 2006)J/A+A/487/993 : MAMBO Mapping of c2d Clouds and Cores (Kauffmann+, 2008)J/A+A/530/A118 : G29.96-0.02 and G35.20-1.74 1mm and 3mm maps (Pillai+, 2011)J/A+A/587/A47 : SMA 1.3mm image of OMC 1 North (Teixeira+, 2016)J/ApJS/226/14 : MBPT calculations for Ne-like ions (Wang+, 2016)J/A+A/619/A52 : Dense cores and YSOs in Lupus complex (Benedettini+, 2018)J/A+A/619/A52 : Dense cores and YSOs in Lupus complex (Benedettini+, 2018)J/ApJS/235/3 : Massive outflows assoc. with ATLASGAL clumps (Yang+, 2018)J/ApJ/886/102 : 70um dark high-mass clumps with ALMA (Sanhueza+, 2019)J/ApJS/248/24 : MUSTANG-2 Gal. Plane survey at 3mm (Ginsburg+, 2020)J/MNRAS/496/2790 : ATOMS I Description & first look at G9.62+0.19 (Liu+, 2020)J/ApJ/894/L14 : ALMA obs. of massive clouds in the CMZ (Lu+, 2020)J/MNRAS/503/4601 : ALMA-IRDC from cloud to core scales (Barnes+, 2021)J/MNRAS/505/2801 : ATOMS Paper III, massive star-forming regions (Liu+, 2021)J/MNRAS/511/3618 : ATOMS ALMA 3 mm VII SiO clumps with ACA (Liu+, 2022)J/A+A/664/A26 : W43-MM2&MM3 ministarburst ALMA data (Pouteau+, 2022)J/A+A/657/A30 : W51 North ALMA 1.3 and 3mm images (Tang+, 2022)J/MNRAS/510/3389 : High-mass star formation evol. trends (Urquhart+, 2022)J/A+A/658/A160 : SEDIGISM survey, search for molecular outflows (Yang+, 2022)J/MNRAS/510/4998 : ATOMS IV Gas clumps properties and SFRs (Zhang+, 2022)J/MNRAS/526/2278 : TEMPO. Fragmentation and emission properties (Avison+, 2023)J/ApJ/950/148 : ASHES. IX. Massive clumps with ALMA obs. (Morii+, 2023)J/A+A/674/A75 : W43-MM1 and W43-MM2+MM3 ALMA datacubes (Nony+, 2023)J/A+A/687/A217 : Massive protoclusters mapping (Dell'Ova+, 2024)J/A+A/690/A33 : Core mass function in star formation (Louvet+, 2024)J/AJ/167/228 : Physical properties of 221 clumps (Luo+, 2024)J/ApJS/270/9 : ALMA obs. of massive & luminous clumps (Xu+, 2024)J/A+A/696/A151 : ALMAGAL III. Compact source catalog (Coletta+, 2025)J/A+A/697/A190 : ALMA-ATOMS survey. Weak hot core candidates (Li+, 2025)J/A+A/696/A11 : ALMA-IMF XVII (Valeille-Manet+, 2025)https://cds.unistra.fr/vizier-org/licences_vizier.htmlhttps://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJS/280/33https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJS/280/33http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJS/280/33https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJS/280/33https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJS/280/33http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJS/280/33GETtext/xml+votablehttps://tapvizier.cds.unistra.fr/TAPVizieR/tapCone search capability for table J/ApJS/280/33/table2 (Core parameters measured by getsf)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJS/280/33/table2?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJS/280/33/table2?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJS/280/33/table2?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true128.036-43.22934720.005555555555555556Cone search capability for table J/ApJS/280/33/table4 (Derived parameters for candidate starless cores)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJS/280/33/table4?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJS/280/33/table4?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJS/280/33/table4?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true131.6332917-43.91113060.005555555555555556Cone search capability for table J/ApJS/280/33/table5 (Derived parameters for candidate warm and evolved cores)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJS/280/33/table5?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJS/280/33/table5?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJS/280/33/table5?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true128.036-43.22934720.0055555555555555566/28808 28830-28831 28912-28913 28918 29090 29092 29094-29097 29101 29103 29113-29114 29461 29505 29509-29510 29529 29535 30218 30241 30243 30258-30259 30262-30263 30268-30269 30312 30318 30405 30425 30616 30618 37849-37850 37897 37900 38019 39246 39248 39251 41597 41653-41655 41675 41677 41683 41685 41688 41697 41759 41763 41778 41804-41805 41811 41813-41814 41817 41820 42158-42159 42169 42171-42172 42207 42211 42214-42215 42224-42226 42229 42379 42381 42383 42387 42390 42396 42398 42436 42445 42447 42449-42451 42454-42456 42497-42498 42512 43013 43021 430261.528037907652962e-22 1.528037907652962e-22https://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/moc/J/ApJS/280/33?format=asciiMillimeterdefaultJ/ApJS/280/33/table2Core parameters measured by getsfrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintSourceSource name (IHHMMm+DDMM_N, B1950)meta.id.parentcharCore[1/33] Core number in Sourcemeta.id.part;meta.mainintDist[1.2/13] Distance to Sourcekpcpos.distancefloatRA_ICRS[8/19] Hour of Right Ascension (ICRS)pos.eq.ra;meta.mainDE_ICRSDegree of Declination (ICRS)pos.eq.dec;meta.mainSCandidate starless core (link to Table 4)meta.ref.urlintnullableAFWHM01[0.74/3.9] Core semi-major axis from getsfarcsecphys.angSize.smajAxisfloatBFWHM01[0.63/3.3] Core semi-minor axis from getsfarcsecphys.angSize.sminAxisfloattheta01Core position angle from getsfdegpos.posAngdoubleFlux[0.5/11139] Integrated 1.3mm flux densitymJyphot.flux.density;em.mm.200-400GHzdoublee_Flux[0.05/55.4] Uncertainty in FluxmJystat.error;phot.flux.density;em.mm.200-400GHzfloatPkFlux[0.15/1188] Peak 1.3mm flux density per beammJy/beamphot.flux.density;em.mm.200-400GHz;stat.maxfloate_PkFlux[0.03/25] Uncertainty in PeakFluxmJy/beamstat.error;phot.flux.density;em.mm.200-400GHzfloatSig[5/3580] Detection significance from monochromatic single scalesstat.fit.goodnessintGood[1/704300] Monochromatic goodness combining significance and signal-to-noise ratiostat.fit.goodnessintWCandidate warm and evolved core (link to Table 5)meta.ref.urlintnullableJ/ApJS/280/33/table4Derived parameters for candidate starless coresrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintSourceSource name (IHHMMm+DDMM_N, B1950)meta.id.parentcharCore[2/20] Core number in Sourcemeta.id.part;meta.mainintRA_ICRS[8/19] Hour of Right Ascension (ICRS)pos.eq.ra;meta.mainDE_ICRSDegree of Declination (ICRS)pos.eq.dec;meta.mainRad[535/10540] RadiusAUphys.size.radiusintNl[1/6] Number of molecular lines detected for each coremeta.numberintTemp[19/45] Dust temperature of parent clumpKphys.temperatureintMass-up[0.16/21] Upper bound on core mass (1)solMassphys.mass;stat.maxfloatMass-lo[0.1/13.1] Lower bound on core mass (1)solMassphys.mass;stat.minfloatnH2-20k[0.1/148] Molecular hydrogen number density, for 20K temperature1e+06cm**-3meta.number;phys.densityfloatSigma20K[0.1/8.7] Surface density, for 20K temperatureg.cm**-2src.densityfloatFlag[*] * = Candidate high-mass starless coremeta.code.errorcharJ/ApJS/280/33/table5Derived parameters for candidate warm and evolved corese_Mass[0/1098] Uncertainty in MasssolMassstat.error;phys.massfloatDensity[0.3/13335] Molecular hydrogen number density100000cm**-3meta.number;phys.densitydoublee_Density[0.2/5553] Uncertainty in Density100000cm**-3stat.error;phys.densityfloatSigma[0.05/196] Surface densityg.cm**-2src.densityfloate_Sigma[0/81] Uncertainty in Sigmag.cm**-2stat.error;src.densityfloatEvolEvolutionary stage of each core (2)src.classcharrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintSourceSource name (IHHMMm+DDMM_N, B1950)meta.id.parentcharCore[1/33] Core number in Sourcemeta.id.part;meta.mainintRA_ICRS[8/19] Hour of Right Ascension (ICRS)pos.eq.ra;meta.mainDE_ICRSDegree of Declination (ICRS)pos.eq.dec;meta.mainRad[266/15496] RadiusAUphys.size.radiusintNl[2/291] Number of molecular lines detected for each coremeta.numberintTemp[30/100] Dust temperature (1)Kphys.temperaturefloatMass[0.01/2654] Core masssolMassphys.massfloat