J/ApJS/279/26ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJS/279/26doi:10.26093/cds/vizier/bb-8q-tCDSFeng H.-C.Li R.Napolitano N.R.Li S.-S.Bai J.M.Dong Y.Li R.,Liu H.T.Lu K.-X.Pan Z.-W.Radovich M.Shan H.-Y.Wang J.-G.,Xi W.-Z.Xie L.-H.Yuan Z.-L.Zhang Y.-W.2026-08-03T07:26:33Z2026-03-16T14:18:38ZCDS support team

CDS, Observatoire de Strasbourg, 11 rue de l'Universite, F-67000 Strasbourg, France

cds-question@unistra.frgalaxiesquasarsinfrared-sourcesvisible-astronomysurveysWe present a novel multimodal neural network (MNN) for classifying astronomical sources in multiband ground-based observations, from optical to near-infrared (NIR), to separate sources in stars, galaxies, and quasars. Our approach combines a convolutional neural network branch for learning morphological features from r-band images with an artificial neural network branch for extracting spectral energy distribution (SED) information. Specifically, we have used nine-band optical (ugri) and NIR (ZYHJKs) data from the Kilo-Degree Survey (KiDS) Data Release 5. The two branches of the network are concatenated and feed into fully connected layers for final classification. We train the network on a spectroscopically confirmed sample from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey crossmatched with KiDS. The trained model achieves 98.76% overall accuracy on an independent testing data set, with F1-scores exceeding 95% for each class. Raising the output probability threshold, we obtain higher purity at the cost of lower completeness. We have also validated the network using external catalogs crossmatched with KiDS, correctly classifying 99.74% of a pure star sample selected from Gaia parallaxes and proper motions, and 99.74% of an external galaxy sample from the Galaxy and Mass Assembly survey, adjusted for low-redshift contamination. We apply the trained network to 27,335,836 KiDS DR5 sources with r<=23mag to generate a new classification catalog. This MNN successfully leverages both morphological and SED information to enable efficient and robust classification of stars, quasars, and galaxies in large photometric surveys.2025ApJS..279...26Fhttps://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/cat/J/ApJS/279/26CatalogResearchIsServedByTAP VizieR generic serviceIsServedByConesearch servicerelated-toVII/233 : 2MASS All-Sky Extended Source Catalog (XSC) (IPAC/UMass, 2003-2006)II/343 : VIKING catalogue data release 2 (Edge+, 2016)VII/289 : SDSS quasar catalog, sixteenth data release (DR16Q) (Lyke+, 2020)II/369 : VEXAS DR2 catalogs (Khramtsov+, 2021)III/286 : APOGEE-2 DR17 final allStar catalog (Abdurro'uf+, 2022)I/355 : Gaia DR3 Part 1. Main source (Gaia Collaboration, 2022)I/357 : Gaia DR3 Part 3. Non-single stars (Gaia Collaboration, 2022)II/383 : The ESO KiDS-DR5 multi-band source catalog (Wright+ 2024)J/ApJS/95/1 : Atlas of Quasar Energy Distributions (Elvis+ 1994)J/ApJ/690/1236 : COSMOS photometric redshift catalog (Ilbert+, 2009)J/MNRAS/413/971 : Galaxy And Mass Assembly (GAMA) DR1 (Driver+, 2011)J/MNRAS/483/529 : Star-galaxy multi narrow-band classif. (Cabayol+, 2019)J/A+A/632/A56 : KiDS-BEXGO catalog (Khramtsov+, 2019)J/A+A/624/A13 : KiDS DR3 QSO catalog (Nakoneczny+, 2019)J/A+A/633/A154 : HDBSCAN star, galaxy, QSO classification (Logan+, 2020)J/MNRAS/496/4276 : Spin parity of spiral galaxies II (Tadaki+, 2020)J/ApJS/256/34 : SDSS Seyfert 1.9 galaxies with Ha line fit (Chen, 2021)J/ApJ/909/18 : Reverberation mapping monitoring of NGC3516 (Feng+, 2021)J/A+A/649/A81 : KiDSDR4 QSOs photometric redshifts cat. (Nakoneczny+, 2021)J/MNRAS/513/439 : GAMA DR4 spectrum catalog (Driver+, 2022)J/A+A/661/A3 : eFEDS counterparts to point-like sources (Salvato+, 2022)J/A+A/660/A34 : X-Shooter Spectral Library (XSL). DR3 (Verro+, 2022)J/ApJS/264/9 : Southern phot. QSOs from DES DR2 & NIR surveys (Yang+, 2023)https://cds.unistra.fr/vizier-org/licences_vizier.htmlhttps://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJS/279/26https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJS/279/26http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJS/279/26https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJS/279/26https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJS/279/26http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJS/279/26GETtext/xml+votablehttps://tapvizier.cds.unistra.fr/TAPVizieR/tapCone search capability for table J/ApJS/279/26/table3 (KiDS DR5 Galaxy-QSO-Star catalog (updated version from cosviewer.com))https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJS/279/26/table3?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJS/279/26/table3?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJS/279/26/table3?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true5e-06-30.515898060.005555555555555556Cone search capability for table J/ApJS/279/26/table4 (KiDS DR5 training set (see Appendix B))https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJS/279/26/table4?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJS/279/26/table4?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJS/279/26/table4?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true128.98736306-1.0215250.0055555555555555563/405-406 409-410 421-422 4/1027-1030 1032-1034 1365 1599 1615 1619 1628 1635 1644 1648 1683 1692 1706 1728 1961-1962 2207 2223 2227-2230 2232-2234 2243-2244 2246 2248-2250 2911 2931-2934 2936-2937 5/1024-1026 2048 2050 2056 4103 4107 4124-4126 4140-4142 4144-4146 4160-4162 4224-4226 5459 5468-5469 6391 6395 6455 6459 6471 6475 6516 6520 6535 6539 6580 6584 6596 6600 6711 6716-6717 6719 6727 6731 6772 6776 6814 6819 6828 6830 6848-6849 6851-6852 6916 6920 7823 7843 7852 7856 8823 8827 8887 8891 8903 8907 8924-8926 8940-8942 8944-8946 8967 8971 8982-8983 8988-8990 9004-9006 9008-9010 9088-9090 10239 11259-11260 11262-11263 11639 11643 11719 11723 11740-11742 11753 11756-11758 11760-11762 6/4108-4110 4112-4114 4128-4130 8196-8198 8204 8206-8207 8228 8232 16405-16407 16409-16411 16421-16423 16425-16427 16508 16572 16588 16592 16608 16652 16656 16672 16908 16912 16928 21829-21831 21833 21835 21860-21861 21863 21880-21881 21884-21885 25559 25563 25575 25579 25815 25819 25831 25835 25879 25883 25895 25899 26068 26072 26084 26088 26135 26139 26151 26155 26324 26328 26340 26344 26388 26392 26404 26408 26839 26843 26873 26903 26907 26919 26923 27092 27096 27108 27112 27221 27245 27247 27270-27271 27273-27275 27288 27290-27291 27316 27318-27319 27324-27326 27401 27412 27416 27668 27672 27684 27688 31286 31289-31291 31338-31339 31365-31367 31369-31371 31412-31414 31416-31418 31428 31430 31432-31434 34534 34537-34540 34542-34543 34554 35285-35287 35289-35291 35301-35303 35305-35307 35541-35543 35545-35547 35557-35559 35561-35563 35605-35607 35609-35611 35621-35623 35625-35627 35708 35772 35788 35792 35808 35861-35863 35865-35867 35877-35879 35881-35883 35922-35923 35926 35964 36028 36044 36048 36064 36128 36364 36368 36384 40949-40951 40953-40955 45031 45035 45045-45047 46549-46551 46553-46555 46565-46567 46569-46571 46805-46807 46813 46869-46871 46873-46875 46885-46887 46889-46891 46972 47009 47021 47036 47052 47056 47072https://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/moc/J/ApJS/279/26?format=asciiOpticalInfrareddefaultJ/ApJS/279/26/table3KiDS DR5 Galaxy-QSO-Star catalog (updated version from cosviewer.com)recnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintIDKiDS DR5 unique identifier for each source (JHHMMSS.s+DDMMSS.s; <KIDS JHHMMSS.ss+DDMMSS.ss> in Simbad)meta.id;meta.maincharRAJ2000Right ascension in decimal degrees (J2000)degpos.eq.ra;meta.mainindexedDEJ2000[-35.7/4] Declination in decimal degrees (J2000)degpos.eq.dec;meta.mainindexedrmag[13.4/23] KiDS DR5 r-band magnitude (MAG_GAAP_r)magphot.mag;em.opt.RfloatClassClassified as a star, galaxy, or QSO (1)src.classcharPmax[0.33/1] Maximum output probabilitystat.probability;stat.maxdoubleJ/ApJS/279/26/table4KiDS DR5 training set (see Appendix B)recnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintRAJ2000[128.5/237.3] Right ascension (J2000)degpos.eq.ra;meta.mainindexedDEJ2000[-3.8/4] Declination (J2000)degpos.eq.dec;meta.mainindexedClassClassified as a star, galaxy, or QSO (1)src.classcharSloanDisplay the online SDSS-DR17 data for the nearest objectmeta.ref.urlchar