J/ApJS/276/47ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJS/276/47doi:10.26093/cds/vizier/bb-8m-1fCDSGan T.Theissen C.A.Wang S.X.Burgasser A.J.Mao S.2026-08-03T07:26:07Z2025-12-12T09:57:05ZCDS support team

CDS, Observatoire de Strasbourg, 11 rue de l'Universite, F-67000 Strasbourg, France

cds-question@unistra.frm-starsinfrared-astronomyspectroscopymetallicityvisible-astronomystellar-radiistellar-massesstellar-spectral-typesexoplanetsWe investigate the stellar metallicity ([Fe/H] and [M/H]) dependence of giant planets around M dwarfs by comparing the metallicity distribution of 746 field M dwarfs without known giant planets with a sample of 22 M dwarfs hosting confirmed giant planets. All metallicity measurements are homogeneously obtained through the same methodology based on the near-infrared spectra collected with a single instrument SpeX mounted on the NASA Infrared Telescope Facility. We find that (1) giant planets favor metal-rich M dwarfs at a 4{sigma}-5{sigma} confidence level, depending on the band of spectra used to derive metallicity; (2) hot (a/R*<=20) and warm (a/R*>20) Jupiters do not show a significant difference in the metallicity distribution. Our results suggest that giant planets around M and FGK stars, which are already known to prefer metal-rich hosts, probably have a similar formation channel. In particular, hot and warm Jupiters around M dwarfs may have the same origin as they have indistinguishable metallicity distributions. With the refined stellar and planetary parameters, we examine the stellar metallicities and the masses of giant planets where we find no significant correlation. M dwarfs with multiple giant planets or with a single giant planet have similar stellar metallicities. Mid-to-late type M stars hosting gas giants do not show an apparent preference to higher metallicities compared with those early M dwarfs with gas giants and field M dwarfs.2025ApJS..276...47Ghttps://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/cat/J/ApJS/276/47CatalogResearchIsServedByTAP VizieR generic serviceIsServedByConesearch servicerelated-toII/246 : 2MASS All-Sky Catalog of Point Sources (Cutri+ 2003)I/298 : LSPM-North Catalog (Lepine+ 2005)II/336 : AAVSO Photometric All Sky Survey (APASS) DR9 (Henden+, 2016)I/355 : Gaia DR3 Part 1. Main source (Gaia Collaboration, 2022)I/357 : Gaia DR3 Part 3. Non-single stars (Gaia Collaboration, 2022)VII/233 : 2MASS All-Sky Extended Source Catalog (XSC) (IPAC/UMass, 2003-2006)J/A+A/415/1153 : [Fe/H] for 98 extra-solar planet-host stars (Santos+, 2004)J/ApJ/622/1102 : The planet-metallicity correlation. (Fischer+, 2005)J/A+A/511/A21 : Radial velocities of GJ876 planetary system (Correia+, 2010)J/ApJ/719/890 : Keck radial velocities of GJ 876 (Rivera+, 2010)J/AJ/142/138 : All-sky catalog of bright M dwarfs (Lepine+, 2011)J/A+A/533/A141 : Stellar parameters for 582 HARPS FGK stars (Sousa+, 2011)J/A+A/541/A40 : Metallicity of solar-type stars (Maldonado+, 2012)J/ApJ/748/93 : K-band spectra for 133 nearby M dwarfs (Rojas-Ayala+, 2012)J/A+A/549/A109 : HARPS XXXI. The M-dwarf sample (Bonfils+, 2013)J/AJ/145/52 : Abund. of late K & M dwarfs in binary systems (Mann+, 2013)J/ApJ/791/54 : Nearby M Dwarfs parameters (Gaidos+, 2014)J/MNRAS/443/2561 : CONCH-SHELL catalog of nearby M dwarfs (Gaidos+, 2014)J/AJ/147/20 : Spectroscopy of 447 nearby M dwarfs (Newton+, 2014)J/AJ/149/166 : Photometry and spectroscopy of HATS-6 (Hartman+, 2015)J/ApJ/804/64 : Empirical and model parameters of 183 M dwarfs (Mann+, 2015)J/ApJ/800/85 : Teff, radii and luminosities of cool dwarfs (Newton+, 2015)J/ApJS/220/16 : SpeX NIR survey of 886 nearby M dwarfs (Terrien+, 2015)J/ApJ/831/64 : Mass-metallicities for giant planets (Thorngren+, 2016)J/A+A/602/A107 : 231 transiting planets eccentricity and mass (Bonomo+, 2017)J/AJ/155/89 : California-Kepler Survey. IV. Planets (Petigura+, 2018)J/A+A/609/A117 : CARMENES RV curves of 7 M-dwarf (Trifonov+, 2018)J/AJ/158/87 : Cool dwarfs from K2 Campaigns 1-17 (Dressing+, 2019)J/ApJ/871/63 : How to constrain your M dwarf. II. Nearby bin. (Mann+, 2019)J/other/Sci/365.1441 : GJ 3512 radial velocity & light curves (Morales+, 2019)J/A+A/627/A161 : CARMENES multiwavelength measurements (Passegger+, 2019)J/A+A/644/A68 : Abundance signature of M dwarf stars (Maldonado+, 2020)J/A+A/656/A162 : CARMENES stellar atmospheric parameters (Marfil+, 2021)J/A+A/650/A201 : 10 parsec sample in the Gaia era first update (Reyle+, 2021)J/AJ/164/238 : Radial velocity of GJ 463 with HRS and HIRES (Endl+, 2022)J/AJ/163/125 : LC & radial velocity of 4 giants planets (Jordan+, 2022)J/AJ/164/81 : Radial velocity and phot. flux of TOI-3757 (Kanodia+, 2022)J/A+A/658/A194 : Stellar parameters of 18 M dwarfs (Passegger+, 2022)J/A+A/663/A48 : Two Saturn-mass planets around M dwarfs (Quirrenbach+, 2022)J/A+A/673/A105 : Deep Transfer Learning of Teff & [M/H] (Bello-Garcia+, 2023)J/AJ/165/120 : g and i'-band LCs of TOI-5205 with SDSS (Kanodia+, 2023)J/AJ/166/90 : Light curves and radial velocities for TOI-1899 (Lin+, 2023)J/AJ/166/11 : Stellar properties & RV var. for M-dwarfs (Pass+, 2023)J/A+A/677/A122 : GJ 328, 649 and 849 HARPS-N observations (Pinamonti+, 2023)J/AJ/168/202 : TOI-762 and TIC 46432937: LCs data (Hartman+, 2024)https://cds.unistra.fr/vizier-org/licences_vizier.htmlhttps://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJS/276/47https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJS/276/47http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJS/276/47https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJS/276/47https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJS/276/47http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJS/276/47GETtext/xml+votablehttps://tapvizier.cds.unistra.fr/TAPVizieR/tapCone search capability for table J/ApJS/276/47/table1 (Field M dwarf catalog)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJS/276/47/table1?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJS/276/47/table1?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJS/276/47/table1?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true1.6635217-7.09331940.005555555555555556Cone search capability for table J/ApJS/276/47/table3 (Stellar properties of the M dwarf giant-planet sample)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJS/276/47/table3?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJS/276/47/table3?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJS/276/47/table3?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true175.435982842.75197280.0055555555555555565/7120 6/22 64 105 120 131 251 280 285 287 309 518 521 535 544 546-547 596 613 638 685 691 728 804 824 854 861 942 963 997 1008 1025 1052 1054 1069 1099 1126 1145 1181 1191 1199 1210 1271 1276 1456 1460 1505 1523 1597 1659 1723 1738 1757 1782 1793 1872 1899 1901 1997 2159 2190 2254 2316 2350 2425 2462 2490 2512 2545 2548 2562 2638 2656 2687 2737 2782 2850 2878 2891 2922 2950 2953 2970 2972-2973 3034 3053 3134 3215 3225 3227 3238 3292 3313 3347 3353 3410 3425 3586 3591 3634 3659 3737 4111 4144 4295 4299 4304 4349 4375 4421 4462 4468 4560 4629 4651 4672 4690 4708 4932 4995 5009 5041 5145 5160 5176 5218 5224 5241 5325 5333 5337 5343 5429 5439 5463 5487-5488 5535 5571 5590 5602 5777 5810 5842 5853 5916 5935 5940 5948 6016 6026 6331 6396 6401 6594 6676 6690 6705 6726 6776 6810 6833 6888 6890 6894 6902 6930 6934 6951 6996 7083 7147 7181 7395 7689 7816 7818 7840 7850 8213 8357 8409 8441 8483 8536 8574 8588 8617 8652 8776 8787 8794 9042 9101 9281 9346-9347 9359 9384 9431-9432 9471 9501 9530-9531 9579 9612 9621 9629 9680 9752 9773 9801 9883 9905 9929 9954 10000 10008 10017 10037 10050 10062 10141 10169 10314 10337 10381 10433 10459 10484 10626 10669 10672 10790 10838 10852 10901 11044 11098 11177 11187 11191 11204 11255 11280 11334 11387 11403 11473 11560 11781 12439 12462 12497 12509 12601 12679 12693 12705 12713 12728 12732 12795 12838 12845 12856 12865 12922 12924 12948 13060 13092 13158 13161 13198 13230 13261 13308-13309 13311 13340 13346 13371 13451 13567 13598 13639 13644 13670 13688 13743 13757 13809 13821 13875 13903 13912 13918 13925 13960 14016 14028 14129 14140 14159 14176 14186 14277 14300 14361 14373 14419 14447 14467 14477 14482 14533 14546 14549 14576 14580 14591 14665-14666 14673 14685 14733 14756 14781 14845 14910 14921 14930 14935 14957 14964 14967 14972 14985 14993 15052 15104 15346 15355 15360 15378-15379 15412 15414 15417 15423 15448 15472 15548 15592 15598 15632 15635 15650 15675 15721 15723 15745 15754 15766 15774 15792 15885 15898 15937 15969 15976 16041 16941 17271 17302 17309 17325 17339 17349 17381 17400 17496 17524 17534 17606-17607 17617 17808 17813 17818 17822 17872 17897 17903 17954 17964 18003 18036 18073 18078 18175 18218 18344 18403 18424 18496 18666 18874 18914 18959 18970 18976 19004 19040 19050 19068 19070 19144 19157 19221 19247 19257 19323 19382 19402 19479 19612 19751 19808 19812 19836 19879 19901 20053 20081 20084 20090 20100 20110 20132 20134 20184 20233 20238 20240 20268 20282 20314 20368 20370 20379 20402 20456 20459 20472 20474 20476 21079 21297 21337-21338 21369 21497 21553 21675-21676 21681 21737 21838 21890 21913 21925 21928 22040 22060 22148 22202 22252 22336 22518 22645 22683 22687 22719-22720 22731 22738 22760 22811 22830 22878 22942 23014 23018 23078 23265 23317-23318 23329 23363 23391 23399 23401 23443-23444 23452-23453 23487 23497 23503 23527 23532 23547 23551 23575 23696 23710 23730 23738 23754 23818 23826 23858 23865 23897 23902 23906 23932 24004 24014 24053 24159 24193 24205 24212 24227 24232-24233 24236 24239 24249 24288 24291 24336 24343 24385 24426 24440 24444 24491 24504 24528 24713 25595 25708 25792 25880 25955 26009 26036 26055 26080 26085 26151 26199 26214 26279 26283 26327 26388 26404 26408 26557 26560 26601-26602 26714 26742 26771 26821 26844 26912 26919 26972 26996 27014 27056 27091 27132 27201 27213 27314 27317 27320 27357 27392 27419 27456 27459 27484 27509 27519 27762 27771 27774 27817 27886 27895 27973 28086-28087 28090 28147 28195 28241 28244 28266 28289 28324-28325 28454 28459 28486 28489 28510 28548 28555 28559 28643 29598 29684 29756 29855 29878 29894 29905 30009 30011 30055 30105 30193 30195 30200 30254 30260 30297 30355 30382 30392 30400 30451 30455 30485 30522 30533 30555 30572 30591 30638 30677 30681 30713 31019 31072 31148 31216 31224 31327 31351 31396 31529 31566 31570 31580 31582 31594 31603 31616 31651 31717 31730 31748 31756 31773 31781 31803 31818 31860 31869 31948 31971 31974 31979 31991 32015 32033 32063 32076 32086 32089 32093 32141 32145 32229 32259 32262 32265 32274 32278 32317 32340 32380 32410 32444 32452 32455 32472 32491 32541 32547 32575 32652 32660 32699 34260 36116 40513 40554 40820 40908 44379 44902 44921 44937 48999 49018 49060 491158.650015785639275e-20 1.7003137259100215e-19https://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/moc/J/ApJS/276/47?format=asciiOpticalInfrareddefaultJ/ApJS/276/47/table1Field M dwarf catalogSimbadSimbad column added by the CDSmeta.ref.urlcharrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordint2MASS2MASS identifier (JHHMMSSss+DDMMSSs)meta.id;meta.maincharpmRA[-2003/2892] Proper motion in Right Ascension from Gaia DR3 (I/355)mas/yrpos.pm;pos.eq.radoublee_pmRA[0.01/0.8] Uncertainty in pmRAmas/yrstat.error;pos.pm;pos.eq.rafloatpmDE[-1772/10363] Proper motion in Declination from Gaia DR3 (I/355)mas/yrpos.pm;pos.eq.decdoublee_pmDE[0.01/0.8] Uncertainty in pmDEmas/yrstat.error;pos.pm;pos.eq.decfloatplx[10.2/547] Parallax from Gaia DR3 (I/355)maspos.parallax.trigfloate_plx[0.01/0.8] Uncertainty in plxmasstat.error;pos.parallaxfloatVmag[6.6/16.7] V-band apparent magnitude from APASS (II/336)magphot.mag;em.opt.Vfloate_Vmag[0.01/1.2] Uncertainty in Vmagmagstat.error;phot.mag;em.opt.VfloatJmag[3.89/12.4] J-band apparent magnitude from 2MASS (II/246)magphot.mag;em.IR.Jfloate_Jmag[0.02/0.3] Uncertainty in Jmagmagstat.error;phot.mag;em.IR.JfloatHmag[3.3/11.8] H-band apparent magnitude from 2MASS (II/246)magphot.mag;em.IR.Hfloate_Hmag[0.01/0.3] Uncertainty in Hmagmagstat.error;phot.mag;em.IR.HfloatKmag[3.26/11.6] K-band apparent magnitude from 2MASS (II/246)magphot.mag;em.IR.Kfloate_Kmag[0.01/0.2] Uncertainty in Kmagmagstat.error;phot.mag;em.IR.KfloatSpT[0.01/5.5] M spectral subtype from Terrien+ 2015, J/ApJS/220/16 (1)src.spTypefloatMFeHH[-0.61/0.6] Metallicity [Fe/H] from H-band from Terrien+ 2015, J/ApJS/220/16 (G1)phys.abund.ZfloatMFeHK[-0.63/0.9] Metallicity [Fe/H] from K-band from Terrien+ 2015, J/ApJS/220/16 (G1)phys.abund.ZfloatMMHH[-0.45/0.4] Metallicity [M/H] from H-band from Terrien+ 2015, J/ApJS/220/16 (G1)phys.abund.ZfloatMMHK[-0.51/0.6] Metallicity [M/H] from K-band from Terrien+ 2015, J/ApJS/220/16 (G1)phys.abund.ZfloatMs[0.14/0.81] Stellar mass; this work (2)solMassphys.massfloate_Ms[0.02/0.03] Uncertainty in MssolMassstat.error;phys.massfloatRs[0.16/0.9] Stellar radius; this work (3)solRadphys.size.radiusfloate_Rs[0.02/0.03] Uncertainty in RssolRadstat.error;phys.size.radiusfloatTeff[2812/8125] Stellar effective temperature; this work (4)Kphys.temperature.effectiveinte_Teff[78/3083] Uncertainty in TeffKstat.error;phys.temperature.effectiveintS20Display data from Suissa+ 2020, J/ApJ/891/58 within 4"meta.ref.urlintnullableAPASSDisplay data from APASS DR9 (II/336) within 4"meta.ref.urlintnullableT15Display data from Terrien+ 2015, J/ApJS/220/16meta.ref.urlchar_RARight Ascension (J2000) from SIMBAD (not part of the original data)degpos.eq.ra;meta.main_DEDeclination (J2000) from SIMBAD (not part of the original data)degpos.eq.dec;meta.mainJ/ApJS/276/47/table3Stellar properties of the M dwarf giant-planet sampleSimbadSimbad column added by the CDSmeta.ref.urlcharrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintr_OName[1/22] Reference on OName (1)meta.ref;pos.frameintSpT[0/5] Spectral typesrc.spTypefloatMFeHH[-0.55/0.51] Metallicity [Fe/H] from H-bandphys.abund.Zfloate_MFeHH[0.09/0.17] MFeHH uncertaintystat.error;phys.abund.ZfloatMFeHK[-0.32/0.72] Metallicity [Fe/H] from K-bandphys.abund.Zfloate_MFeHK[0.08/0.12] MFeHK uncertaintystat.error;phys.abund.ZfloatMMHH[-0.29/0.37] Metallicity [M/H] from H-bandphys.abund.Zfloate_MMHH[0.09/0.13] MMHH uncertaintystat.error;phys.abund.ZfloatMMHK[-0.24/0.51] Metallicity [M/H] from K-bandphys.abund.Zfloate_MMHK[0.08/0.11] MMHK uncertaintystat.error;phys.abund.ZfloatMs[0.13/0.62] Stellar masssolMassphys.massfloate_Ms[0.02/0.03] Ms uncertaintysolMassstat.error;phys.massfloatRs[0.16/0.64] Stellar radiussolRadphys.size.radiusfloate_Rs[0.02/0.03] Rs uncertaintysolRadstat.error;phys.size.radiusfloatTeff[668/3925] Effective temperatureKphys.temperature.effectiveinte_Teff[80/110] Teff uncertaintyKstat.error;phys.temperature.effectiveintfitsDownload the FITS filemeta.ref.urlcharFileName of the FITS file in subdirectory "sp"; column added by CDSmeta.id;meta.fitscharr_FileNote on file (2)meta.ref;pos.frame;meta.filecharT15Display data from Terrien+ 2015, J/ApJS/220/16 within 4"meta.ref.urlintnullable_RARight Ascension (J2000) from SIMBAD (not part of the original data)degpos.eq.ra;meta.main_DEDeclination (J2000) from SIMBAD (not part of the original data)degpos.eq.dec;meta.main2MASS2MASS identifier (JHHMMSSss+DDMMSSs)meta.id;meta.maincharONameOther namemeta.idchar