Carbon stars from LAMOST DR9 with deep learning J/ApJS/274/6 ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJS/274/6 doi:10.26093/cds/vizier.22740006 CDS He Y. Cao Z. Deng H. Wang F. Mei Y. Tan L. 2025-09-22T20:12:50Z 2025-05-16T11:43:43Z CDS support team CDS, Observatoire de Strasbourg, 11 rue de l'Universite, F-67000 Strasbourg, France cds-question@unistra.fr carbon-stars visible-astronomy spectroscopy surveys stellar-spectral-types Carbon stars play a crucial role in astronomical research and are significant for understanding stellar evolution, measuring cosmic distances, and studying galaxy kinematics. In recent years, identifying carbon stars using machine learning methods and traditional line-index methods has become a research hotspot, but there are still limitations regarding accuracy and automation. In this study, we propose to build a five-class model to identify carbon stars using spectral data from LAMOST DR9. The model achieved 99.45% precision and 91.21% recall on the carbon star testing set. We conducted independent tests using a sample of 1333 known carbon stars that were not used in the training and testing phases, and our model ultimately identified 1199 carbon stars. On this basis, we used this model to screen 11,226,252 spectra of LAMOST DR9 and identified 4383 carbon stars, including 1197 newly discovered carbon stars. To gain a more comprehensive understanding of the characteristics of the 4383 carbon stars obtained, further visual inspection of these spectra was performed to provide more detailed carbon star subtypes. 2024ApJS..274....6H https://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/cat/J/ApJS/274/6 Catalog Research IsServedBy TAP VizieR generic service IsServedBy Conesearch service related-to III/156 : Cool Galactic Carbon Stars, 2nd Edition (Stephenson 1989) V/156 : LAMOST DR7 catalogs (Luo+, 2019) J/AJ/109/2480 : VI photometry of late-type stars in M31. I. (Brewer+ 1995) J/ApJS/105/419 : Spectral Atlas of Carbon Stars (Barnbaum+ 1996) J/A+A/375/366 : Carbon stars from the Hamburg/ESO survey (Christlieb+ 2001) J/AJ/124/1651 : Faint high-latitude carbon stars SDSS phot. (Margon+, 2002) J/AJ/127/2838 : Faint high-latitude carbon stars SDSS phot. (Downes+, 2004) J/AJ/129/729 : CCD photometry of luminous stars in M33 (Rowe+, 2005) J/A+A/473/143 : Radial velocities of C stars near Gal. plane (Demers+, 2007) J/ApJ/765/12 : Carbon stars and DQ WDs from SDSS-DR7+DR8 (Green, 2013) J/other/SCPMA/57.176 : Carbon stars & DZ WDs in SDSS spectra (Si+ 2014) J/other/RAA/15.1671 : New carbon stars from LAMOST survey (Si+, 2015) J/ApJS/226/1 : Carbon stars from LAMOST DR2 data (Ji+, 2016) J/ApJS/234/31 : Carbon stars from LAMOST using machine learning (Li+, 2018) J/ApJS/244/8 : M-type stars in LAMOST DR5 (Zhong+, 2019) J/A+A/664/A45 : Characterisation of Galactic carbon stars (Abia+, 2022) J/ApJS/266/4 : LAMOST DR9 M-giant stars value-added cat. (Li+, 2023) J/ApJS/271/12 : Carbon stars from LAMOST DR7 (Li+, 2024) https://cds.unistra.fr/vizier-org/licences_vizier.html https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJS/274/6 https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJS/274/6 http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJS/274/6 https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJS/274/6 https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJS/274/6 http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJS/274/6 GET text/xml+votable https://tapvizier.cds.unistra.fr/TAPVizieR/tap Cone search capability for table J/ApJS/274/6/table5 (Information of 4146 carbon stars from other catalogs) https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJS/274/6/table5? https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJS/274/6/table5? http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJS/274/6/table5? GET text/xml+votable 180.0 50000 true 134.350455 19.19003889 0.005555555555555556 Cone search capability for table J/ApJS/274/6/table6 (Information of 4383 carbon stars reported in this paper) https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJS/274/6/table6? https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJS/274/6/table6? http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJS/274/6/table6? GET text/xml+votable 180.0 50000 true 161.780365 32.56291806 0.005555555555555556 5/101 240 312 320 344 417 436 775-776 1711 3125 5565 5617 5902 5916 5968 5979 5983 5990 5997-5998 6013 6015 6063 6066 6097 6131 6/5 13-14 30 36 38 85 93 100 103 128 132 145 190 205 219 230 237 239 243 251 253-254 261 288-289 294 307 309 311 316 323 327 329 345-349 353-355 357 359 366 368 372 375 379 391 397-398 401 438 444 457 465-466 473 476-477 479 497 501 504 525-527 537 543 565 592 607 627 658 660 668 671 676 683 690 695 710 716 730 743 760-761 771 774 790 794-795 808 824 831 865 871-872 874 878 882 885 888 891 893 897 909 919 925 929-930 968-969 971 978 981 983 985-988 991 995 999 1003-1004 1008 1013 1024 1026-1027 1029-1030 1032 1041-1043 1047 1054 1057 1059 1063 1065 1068 1072 1074 1084 1088 1096 1100 1103 1106 1111 1119 1148 1154-1155 1161-1162 1171 1175 1177 1186 1188 1191 1197-1198 1201 1204 1209 1213-1214 1219 1224 1226-1227 1234 1237 1241 1245 1252-1253 1257 1259-1260 1265 1267-1270 1272-1273 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26588 26590-26591 26597 26599 26611 26619-26621 26747 26839 26842 26893 26901 26921 26935 26937 26949 26951 26960 26963 26965 26972 26983-26984 26991 26999-27000 27002 27005 27016 27063 27065 27068-27069 27090-27091 27096 27103 27111 27131 27173 27210 27247 27263 27266 27269 27272 27279 27281 27283 27296 27302 27318 27327 27331 27338 27348 27361 27368-27369 27374 27384 27387 27408 27437 27452 27483 27485-27486 27495 27508 27530-27531 27536 27540 27577 27586 27615 27618 27636 27651 27656 27675 27677 27682-27684 27689 27694 27700 27704 27708 27715 27731 27736-27737 27740 27775 27790 27820 27838 27846-27847 27851 27865-27866 27868 27871 27873 27906 27915 27917 27919 27921 27934 27942-27943 27950 27959 27968 27973 27989 27994 27999 28012 28014 28021 28034 28041 28043 28056 28063 28065 28067 28069 28077 28084 28105 28108 28118 28122 28127 28138 28140-28141 28161 28165 28183 28185 28199 28203 28212 28215 28226 28238 28262 28270 28303 28310 28313-28314 28318 28320 28340-28341 28358-28359 28383 28399 28412 28441 28447 28462 28464 28468-28469 28474 28477 28483 28489 28515 28523 28538 28540 28548 28571 28574 28577 28580 28585 28604 28634 28637 28643 28647 28659 30198 30394 30399 30448 30462 30584 30935 31031 31039 31058 31065 31068 31071 31074 31081 31085 31091-31094 31100-31101 31107-31108 31113 31124-31125 31133 31159 31161 31167 31170 31173 31182 31231 31294 31302 31306 31327 31330 31343 31387-31388 31391 31393 31396 31403 31406 31420 31430-31431 31435 31443 31445 31448 31452-31453 31456-31458 31467 31474 31483 31488 31512 31521 31531 31533 31537 31544-31545 31550 31584 31590 31593 31601 31616-31617 31620-31621 31634 31642 31644 31658 31661 31663 31666 31675 31679 31687 31701 31707 31710-31712 31717 31719-31720 31725 31734 31739 31744 31749 31753-31755 31781-31782 31795 31830 31835 31870 31878 31890 31898 31901 31907 31912 31920-31921 31923 31925-31926 31929 31933-31934 31938 31941 31958 31963-31964 31988 31992 31997 32137 32153 32173 32190 32264-32265 32267 32271 32287 32292 32305 32310 32312 32315 32320 32326 32328-32330 32333 32357 32363 32366-32367 32369-32370 32372 32388-32390 32411 32426 32477 32505-32507 32517 32523 32525 32551 32556 32567-32568 32600 32649 32659 32663 32665 32693 32702 32723 32725 32728 32730 32737 32756 36850 36862 40941 40943 40945 40952 45036-45037 45040 45049 45053 45055 49005 https://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/moc/J/ApJS/274/6?format=ascii Optical default J/ApJS/274/6/table5 Information of 4146 carbon stars from other catalogs recno Record number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification. meta.record int LAMOST Designation of star (JHHMMSS.ss+DDMMSS.s) meta.id;meta.main char OBSID [205058/914111200] OBSID of star meta.id;obs long RAJ2000 Right ascension in decimal degrees (J2000) deg pos.eq.ra;meta.main DEJ2000 Declination in decimal degrees (J2000) deg pos.eq.dec;meta.main SNR-g [10/500] Signal-to-noise ratio in g-band stat.snr;em.opt.B float SNR-i [10.6/999] Signal-to-noise ratio in i-band stat.snr;em.opt.I float Subclass Subclass of star src.spType char Ref Source catalog (1) meta.bib char TW Display data from Table 6 for this star if any meta.ref.url int nullable
J/ApJS/274/6/table6 Information of 4383 carbon stars reported in this paper recno Record number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification. meta.record int LAMOST Designation of star (JHHMMSS.ss+DDMMSS.s) meta.id;meta.main char OBSID [603215/914111200] OBSID of star meta.id;obs long RAJ2000 Right ascension in decimal degrees (J2000) deg pos.eq.ra;meta.main DEJ2000 Declination in decimal degrees (J2000) deg pos.eq.dec;meta.main SNR-g [10/661] Signal-to-noise ratio in g-band stat.snr;em.opt.B float SNR-i [10.6/999] Signal-to-noise ratio in i-band stat.snr;em.opt.I float Subclass Subclass of star src.spType char SubType Subtype of carbon star src.spType char New [*] *: newly discovered carbon star meta.code char Lit Display data from Table 5 for this star if any meta.ref.url int nullable