J/ApJS/272/44ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJS/272/44doi:10.26093/cds/vizier.22720044CDSLu Y.Chen X.Song S.-M.Liu J.-T.Yang T.Wang Y.-X.Zhang Y.-K.,Zhang S.-J.2025-02-13T20:14:08Z2024-11-20T09:41:57ZCDS support team

CDS, Observatoire de Strasbourg, 11 rue de l'Universite, F-67000 Strasbourg, France

cds-question@unistra.fryoung-stellar-objectsinfrared-photometrygalaxy-planesmilky-way-galaxyh-ii-regionsmillimeter-astronomysubmillimeter-astronomyThis study focuses on the analysis of mid-infrared variability in a sample of high-mass young stellar objects (YSOs) associated with the cataloged sources from the APEX Telescope Large Area Survey of the Galaxy (ATLASGAL). The Near-Earth Object Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer Reactivation Mission (NEOWISE) database was used to explore the long-term mid-infrared variability of these high-mass YSOs at a half-year scale. After matching with NEOWISE photometric measurements, a total of 2230 ATLASGAL sources were selected for the variability analysis, out of which 717 were identified as variables. The derived proportions of variables at different evolutionary stages show that the variability rate of high-mass YSOs is highest during the YSO stage and decreases with evolution toward the H ii region stage, resembling the behavior of low-mass YSOs. The variables can be classified into six types based on their light curves, divided into two categories: secular (linear, sin, sin+linear) and stochastic variables (burst, drop, and irregular). The magnitude-color variations observed in ~160 secular variables can be mainly divided into "bluer when brighter/redder when dimming" and "redder when brighter/bluer when dimming", likely originating from changes in accretion rate or the effect of extinction due to obscuration. Moreover, several episodic accretion candidates were selected for further observational studies.2024ApJS..272...44Lhttps://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/cat/J/ApJS/272/44CatalogResearchIsServedByTAP VizieR generic serviceIsServedByConesearch servicerelated-toVIII/96 : 6-GHz methanol multibeam maser catalogue (Caswell+, 2010-12)J/MNRAS/291/261 : Methanol maser of IRAS-selected sources (Walsh+ 1997)J/A+AS/143/269 : 6.7GHz methanol maser emission survey (Szymczak+, 2000)J/AJ/121/3160 : JHK photometry near the Trapezium region (Carpenter+, 2001)J/A+A/432/737 : General Catalog of 6.7GHz Methanol Masers (Pestalozzi+, 2005)J/other/PASA/26.454 : Precise positions of methanol masers (Caswell, 2009)J/ApJ/717/L133 : Formaldehyde maser flares in IRAS 18566+0408 (Araya+, 2010)J/ApJ/733/50 : MIR phot. monitoring of the ONC (Morales-Calderon+, 2011)J/ApJS/196/9 : 95GHz methanol maser survey toward GLIMPSE EGOs (Chen+, 2011)J/MNRAS/416/1764 : H_2_O Southern Galactic Plane Survey (HOPS) (Walsh+, 2011)J/ApJ/743/156 : NEOWISE obs. of NEOs: preliminary results (Mainzer+, 2011)J/MNRAS/418/1689 : Red MSX water maser and ammonia emissions (Urquhart+, 2011)J/AN/333/634 : Torun methanol source catalogue (Szymczak+, 2012)J/ApJ/764/61 : H2O maser & NH_3_ survey of GLIMPSE EGOs (Cyganowski+, 2013)J/AJ/147/82 : Monitoring of disk-bearing stars in NGC 2264 (Cody+, 2014)J/ApJ/792/30 : NEOWISE magnitudes for near-Earth objects (Mainzer+, 2014)J/AJ/148/122 : YSOVAR: infrared photometry in Lynds 1688 (Gunther+, 2014)J/ApJS/220/11 : SEDs of Spitzer YSOs in the Gould Belt (Dunham+, 2015)J/MNRAS/473/1059 : Galactic clump properties (Urquhart+, 2018)J/AJ/155/99 : IR var. among YSOs in the Serpens South cluster (Wolk+, 2018)J/ApJ/854/170 : Methanol (CH_3_OH) and OH masers in NGC 6334I (Hunter+, 2018)J/ApJS/241/18 : A 6.7GHz methanol maser survey. II. |b|<2{deg} (Yang+, 2019)J/A+A/628/A90 : OH maser emission in THOR survey (Beuther+, 2019)J/ApJ/883/6 : AllWISE & NEOWISE LCs of Red MSX YSOs (Uchiyama+, 2019)J/MNRAS/490/2779 : Dust clumps and methanol masers (Billington+, 2019)J/ApJ/920/132 : NEOWISE 6.5yr variability in YSOs (Park+, 2021)J/MNRAS/510/3389 : High-mass star formation trends (Urquhart+, 2022)J/ApJ/929/60 : K-band & smm LCs of the protostar HOPS 373 (Yoon+, 2022)J/A+A/667/A12 : PRODIGE I. Per-emb-50 datacubes (Valdivia-Mena+, 2022)J/ApJS/263/9 : Mult. maser transitions from G358.93-0.03 burst (Miao+, 2022)J/ApJS/264/38 : NEOWISE var. of Gaia Herbig Ae/Be & Be stars (Mei+, 2023)J/ApJS/265/16 : Stat. study of NEOWISE 6.7GHz methanol masers (Song+, 2023)J/A+A/675/A112 : ATLASGAL. 3mm class I masers (Yang+, 2023)https://cds.unistra.fr/vizier-org/licences_vizier.htmlhttps://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJS/272/44https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJS/272/44http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJS/272/44https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJS/272/44https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJS/272/44http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJS/272/44GETtext/xml+votablehttps://tapvizier.cds.unistra.fr/TAPVizieR/tapCone search capability for table J/ApJS/272/44/tableb1 (Parameters of the secular light-curve variables)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJS/272/44/tableb1?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJS/272/44/tableb1?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJS/272/44/tableb1?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true269.86127-23.874140.005555555555555556Cone search capability for table J/ApJS/272/44/tableb2 (Parameters of the stochastic light-curve variables)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJS/272/44/tableb2?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJS/272/44/tableb2?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJS/272/44/tableb2?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true269.45298-24.32070.005555555555555556Cone search capability for table J/ApJS/272/44/tableb3 (Parameters of the non-variable sources)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJS/272/44/tableb3?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJS/272/44/tableb3?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJS/272/44/tableb3?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true269.18737-24.594370.005555555555555556Cone search capability for table J/ApJS/272/44/tablea1 (Multiepoch NEOWISE photometry for 2230 ATLASGAL Sources)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJS/272/44/tablea1?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJS/272/44/tablea1?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJS/272/44/tablea1?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true251.5575-46.99490.0055555555555555565/3588 7229 7278 7365 7376-7377 7383 7564 7579 7604-7605 7648 7651 7672-7673 7678-7679 10413-10414 10420 10444 10451 10453 10543 10556 10595 10599 10609 10614-10615 10624 6/12968 12970-12971 12974 14337 14341 28808 28810 28890 28901 28912-28913 28915 29088 29090-29091 29094 29096-29097 29099-29101 29103 29116 29118-29119 29162 29517 29522-29523 29526 29528-29529 29531 30216 30218-30219 30222-30223 30240-30241 30244-30245 30247 30262-30263 30268-30269 30271 30312-30313 30315 30330 30405 30600-30602 30616 30618-30619 30622-30623 30640-30641 30644-30645 30701 30706-30707 30710 32085 41595 41597-41599 41660-41662 41671 41673 41675-41678 41684-41686 41688-41689 41696-41697 41758-41759 41763 41765-41770 41772-41773 41780-41781 41798-41799 41801-41803 41811 41816-41817 41820-41821 41825 41856 42154-42155 42158-42159 42169-42171 42203 42206-42207 42209-42211 42213-42217 42228-42230 42376 42378-42379 42387-42388 42390-42393 42400 42433-42435 42440-42441 42444-42445 42447 42449-42451 42454 42500-42502 42512-42513 43013-43015 43021 43024-43026https://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/moc/J/ApJS/272/44?format=asciiInfraredMillimeterdefaultJ/ApJS/272/44/tableb1Parameters of the secular light-curve variablesdW2[0.08/2] Difference between minimum and maximum W2 magnitudemagphot.mag;arith.diff;em.IR.4-8umfloatalpha[-2.12/4.14]? Infrared spectral indexspect.indexfloatnullableWSDsigma[0.78/22.81] Ratio, SD/sigma for W2 flux density (G1)phot.flux.density;arith.ratio;em.IR.4-8umfloatEvolTypeEvolutionary stage (G2)src.classcharColTypeType of color-magnitude variation (left blank if no definite trend) (2)meta.codecharNpNumber of photometry measurements for this source (link to Table A1)meta.numberintnullableLCInteractive LC Plotmeta.ref.urlcharSimbadSimbad column added by the CDSmeta.ref.urlcharrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintAGALATLASGAL identifier (LLL.lll+BB.bbb; Galactic)meta.id;meta.maincharprimaryTypeVariable Type (1)src.varcharSI[3.2/309.6] Stetson indexsrc.var.indexfloatW1mag[6.3/15.25] NEOWISE mean W1 magnitudemagphot.mag;em.IR.3-4umfloatW2mag[5.73/11.9] NEOWISE mean W2 magnitudemagphot.mag;em.IR.4-8umfloat_GlonPositions from ATLAGAL names (longitude part)degpos.galactic.lon_GlatPositions from ATLAGAL names (latitude part)degpos.galactic.lat_RA.icrsRight ascension (ICRS) (computed by VizieR, not part of the original data. The format may include more digits than the original data because of internal accuracy requirements in VizieR and across other CDS services)degpos.eq.raindexed_DE.icrsDeclination (ICRS) (computed by VizieR, not part of the original data. The format may include more digits than the original data because of internal accuracy requirements in VizieR and across other CDS services)degpos.eq.decindexedPer[348/542273]? Fit perioddtime.perioddoublenullablee_Per[0.6/2.7e+09]? Uncertainty in Perdstat.error;time.perioddoublenullableAMP[-2209/1877]? Fit amplitudesrc.var.amplitudedoublenullablee_AMP[0.004/7.6e+06]? Uncertainty in AMPstat.error;src.var.amplitudedoublenullablefAMPFit fractional amplitudesrc.var.amplitude;arith.ratiocharSlopeFit slopestat.fitchare_SlopeUncertainty in Slopestat.error;stat.fitcharR2[0.6/0.98] R2 goodness of fitstat.fit.goodnessfloatJ/ApJS/272/44/tableb2Parameters of the stochastic light-curve variablesrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintAGALATLASGAL identifier (LLL.lll+BB.bbb; Galactic)meta.id;meta.maincharprimaryW1mag[6.69/15.72] NEOWISE mean W1 magnitudemagphot.mag;em.IR.3-4umfloatW2mag[5.67/12.1] NEOWISE mean W2 magnitudemagphot.mag;em.IR.4-8umfloatSI[8.6/258] Stetson indexsrc.var.indexfloatalpha[-2.9/3.66]? Infrared spectral indexspect.indexfloatnullableWSDsigma[0.56/20.3] Ratio, SD/{sigma} for W2 flux density (G1)phot.flux.density;arith.ratio;em.IR.4-8umfloatEvolTypeEvolutionary stage (G2)src.classcharNpNumber of photometry measurements for this source (link to Table A1)meta.numberintnullableLCInteractive LC Plotmeta.ref.urlchar_GlonPositions from ATLAGAL names (longitude part)degpos.galactic.lon_GlatPositions from ATLAGAL names (latitude part)degpos.galactic.latTypeVariable Type (1)src.varchardW2[0.07/2.03] Difference between minimum and maximum W2 magnitudemagphot.mag;arith.diff;em.IR.4-8umfloatSimbadSimbad column added by the CDSmeta.ref.urlchar_RA.icrsRight ascension (ICRS) (computed by VizieR, not part of the original data. The format may include more digits than the original data because of internal accuracy requirements in VizieR and across other CDS services)degpos.eq.raindexed_DE.icrsDeclination (ICRS) (computed by VizieR, not part of the original data. The format may include more digits than the original data because of internal accuracy requirements in VizieR and across other CDS services)degpos.eq.decindexedJ/ApJS/272/44/tableb3Parameters of the non-variable sourcesrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintAGALATLASGAL identifier (LLL.lll+BB.bbb; Galactic)meta.id;meta.maincharprimaryW1mag[5.6/15.64] NEOWISE mean W1 magnitudemagphot.mag;em.IR.3-4umfloatW2mag[5.8/12.43] NEOWISE mean W2 magnitudemagphot.mag;em.IR.4-8umfloatdW2[0.03/2.5] Difference between minimum and maximum W2 magnitudemagphot.mag;arith.diff;em.IR.4-8umfloatSI[-38.7/33.4] Stetson indexsrc.var.indexfloatalpha[-3.2/4.3]? Infrared spectral indexspect.indexfloatnullableWSDsigma[0.27/17.6] Ratio, SD/sigma for W2 flux density (G1)phot.flux.density;arith.ratio;em.IR.4-8umfloatEvolTypeEvolutionary stage (G2)src.classcharNpNumber of photometry measurements for this source (link to Table A1)meta.numberintnullableLCInteractive LC Plotmeta.ref.urlchar_GlonPositions from ATLAGAL names (longitude part)degpos.galactic.lon_GlatPositions from ATLAGAL names (latitude part)degpos.galactic.latSimbadSimbad column added by the CDSmeta.ref.urlchar_RA.icrsRight ascension (ICRS) (computed by VizieR, not part of the original data. The format may include more digits than the original data because of internal accuracy requirements in VizieR and across other CDS services)degpos.eq.raindexed_DE.icrsDeclination (ICRS) (computed by VizieR, not part of the original data. The format may include more digits than the original data because of internal accuracy requirements in VizieR and across other CDS services)degpos.eq.decindexedJ/ApJS/272/44/tablea1Multiepoch NEOWISE photometry for 2230 ATLASGAL SourcesrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintAGALATLASGAL identifier (LLL.lll+BB.bbb; Galactic)meta.id;meta.maincharRAJ2000Right Ascension, decimal degrees (J2000)degpos.eq.ra;meta.mainindexede_RAJ2000Uncertainty in RAdegdegstat.error;pos.eq.rafloatDEJ2000Declination, decimal degrees (J2000)degpos.eq.dec;meta.mainindexede_DEJ2000Uncertainty in DEdegdegstat.error;pos.eq.decfloatW1mag[5.27/16.12] NEOWISE W1 magnitude at Epochmagphot.mag;em.IR.3-4umfloate_W1mag[0.001/2.1] Uncertainty in W1magmagstat.error;phot.mag;em.IR.3-4umfloatW2mag[5.10/12.81] NEOWISE W2 magnitude at Epochmagphot.mag;em.IR.4-8umfloate_W2mag[0/0.15] Uncertainty in W2magmagstat.error;phot.mag;em.IR.4-8umfloatEpochEpoch, JD-2400000dtime.epochfloatindexed