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<ri:Resource created="2023-11-29T16:19:28Z" status="active" updated="2025-05-19T09:50:00Z" version="1.2" xmlns:cs="http://www.ivoa.net/xml/ConeSearch/v1.0" xmlns:ri="http://www.ivoa.net/xml/RegistryInterface/v1.0" xmlns:vr="http://www.ivoa.net/xml/VOResource/v1.0" xmlns:vs="http://www.ivoa.net/xml/VODataService/v1.1" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.ivoa.net/xml/ConeSearch/v1.0 http://vo.ari.uni-heidelberg.de/docs/schemata/ConeSearch.xsd http://www.ivoa.net/xml/VOResource/v1.0 http://vo.ari.uni-heidelberg.de/docs/schemata/VOResource.xsd http://www.ivoa.net/xml/VODataService/v1.1 http://vo.ari.uni-heidelberg.de/docs/schemata/VODataService.xsd" xsi:type="vs:CatalogService"><title>Distant Galactic star clusters from Gaia DR3</title><shortName>J/ApJS/267/34</shortName><identifier>ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJS/267/34</identifier><altIdentifier>doi:10.26093/cds/vizier.22670034</altIdentifier><curation><publisher ivo-id="ivo://CDS">CDS</publisher><creator><name>He Z.</name></creator><creator><name>Luo Y.</name></creator><creator><name>Wang K.</name></creator><creator><name>Ren A.</name></creator><creator><name>Peng L.</name></creator><creator><name>Cui Q.</name></creator><creator><name>Liu X.</name></creator><creator><name>Jiang Q.</name></creator><date role="Updated">2024-06-04T13:25:57Z</date><date role="Created">2023-11-29T16:19:28Z</date><contact><name>CDS support team</name><address>CDS, Observatoire de Strasbourg, 11 rue de l'Universite, F-67000 Strasbourg, France</address><email>cds-question@unistra.fr</email></contact></curation><content><subject>globular-star-clusters</subject><subject>open-star-clusters</subject><subject>milky-way-galaxy</subject><subject>radial-velocity</subject><subject>proper-motions</subject><subject>two-color-diagrams</subject><subject>visible-astronomy</subject><description>Despite having data for over 10^9^ stars from Gaia, less than 10^4^ star clusters and candidates have been discovered. In particular, distant star clusters are rarely identified, due to the challenges posed by heavy extinction and great distance. However, Gaia data has continued to improve, enabling even fainter cluster members to be distinguished from field stars. In this work, we introduce a star-cluster search method based on the DBSCAN algorithm; we have made improvements to make it better suited for identifying clusters on dimmer and more distant stars. After having removed member stars of known Gaia-based clusters, we identified 2086 objects with |b|&lt;10{deg}, of which 1488 are highly reliable open star clusters, along with 569 candidates, 28 globular cluster candidates, and one irregular galaxy (IC 10) at low Galactic latitudes. We found that the proper motion of IC 10 is similar to, yet slightly different from, the water maser observations, which is an important result for the comparison with Gaia and the Very Long Baseline Array. When compared with the star clusters appearing in Gaia Data Release (DR) 2/EDR3, we found nearly 3 times as many new objects above a distance of 5kpc, including hundreds of them above Av&gt;5mag. This has enabled us to detect a higher number of old clusters, over a billion years old, that are difficult to detect due to observational limitations. Our findings significantly expand the remote cluster sample and enhance our understanding of the limits of Gaia DR3 data in stellar aggregates research.</description><source format="bibcode">2023ApJS..267...34H</source><referenceURL>https://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/cat/J/ApJS/267/34</referenceURL><type>Catalog</type><contentLevel>Research</contentLevel><relationship><relationshipType>IsServedBy</relationshipType><relatedResource ivo-id="ivo://CDS.VizieR/TAP">TAP VizieR generic service</relatedResource></relationship><relationship><relationshipType>IsServedBy</relationshipType><relatedResource>Conesearch service</relatedResource></relationship><relationship><relationshipType>related-to</relationshipType><relatedResource ivo-id="ivo://CDS.VizieR/B/ocl">B/ocl : Optically visible open clusters and Candidates (Dias+ 2002-2015)</relatedResource><relatedResource ivo-id="ivo://CDS.VizieR/I/345">I/345 : Gaia DR2 (Gaia Collaboration, 2018)</relatedResource><relatedResource ivo-id="ivo://CDS.VizieR/I/350">I/350 : Gaia EDR3 (Gaia Collaboration, 2020)</relatedResource><relatedResource ivo-id="ivo://CDS.VizieR/I/355">I/355 : Gaia DR3 Part 1. 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37358-37359 37361-37363 37369 37372 37374-37375 37661-37663 37682 37684-37685 37687-37688 37696-37697 37702-37705 37707-37709 37717 37719 37721-37724 37726 37731 37740-37742 37752 37779 37781-37786 37788-37789 37791 37809 37812-37813 37815 37821 37824-37825 37827 37834 37838-37839 37842 37844 37850 37856 37858 37860-37862 37872 37877 37880 37882-37883 37888 37890 37896-37897 37900-37901 37903-37905 37907 37909-37912 37914 37940 37942 37945 37952 37969-37971 37976-37977 37980 37989 38016-38017 38019-38022 38028-38029 38031 38033-38035 38038 38040-38042 38044 38048-38050 38052-38053 38055 38058-38059 38064 38072 38074 38405 38414 38416-38417 38420 38434 38437 38439 38442-38443 38448 38450 38456 38528-38530 38536 38565 38567-38569 38575 39191 39205 39207 39227 39230 39248-39250 39255 39264-39265 39267-39270 39276 39278-39279 39286 39288 39290 39301 39308-39309 39312-39313 39315 39324 39326-39327 39333 39335 39340-39341 39348 39350-39352 39355-39356 39360 39370 39374-39375 39380 39382-39383 39392 39394-39397 39399 39403 39405-39410 39420-39422 39694 39697 39700 39704-39705 39708 39710-39711 39725 39727 39730-39731 39733-39735 39738-39739 39741-39745 39757-39759 39764 39766-39767 39770-39772 39774-39775 39793 39795 39824-39825 39830-39831 39837 39839 39857 39861 39871-39872 39880-39881 39884-39885 39887 39904 39906-39907 39909 39911 39916-39917 39919 39928-39929 39931 39941 39960 39962 39978 40076-40077 40104 40106-40110 40448-40449 40452 40459 40474 40482-40483 40486-40487 40490-40493 40496 40505-40507 40576 40578 40588 40590 40594-40595 40597 40599-40601 40605 40607-40609 40611 40613-40618 40633-40636 40640 40648 40650 40654-40655 40676-40677 41390-41391 41434-41435 41467 41470 41532-41534 41558-41559 41567 41572 41575-41577 41581 41587 41596 41598-41599 41606-41607 41612-41613 41618 41629 41631 41634-41635 41647-41648 41650-41651 41653-41655 41657-41660 41676 41678 41684-41685 41688 41700-41701 41703 41733 41743 41748 41754 41757 41762-41763 41766-41768 41772 41774 41776-41777 41781 41783 41788 41790 41793 41800-41801 41803-41804 41807 41809 41811-41812 41814 41818 41824-41825 41830 41833 41836 41846 41852 41856 41867 41874 41889 42103 42137 42139 42142-42143 42145 42147 42150 42157-42161 42163-42164 42166-42167 42172 42189 42191 42194-42195 42198-42200 42202-42204 42206 42209-42211 42216-42217 42222 42224 42226-42228 42230 42232-42233 42235 42270-42272 42274 42276 42278-42279 42285 42290 42292 42296 42338-42339 42348-42349 42351-42353 42356-42357 42365-42367 42374-42375 42388-42389 42391 42394-42395 42397-42398 42400 42405 42416-42417 42420 42437-42439 42444 42446-42448 42450 42458-42461 42463-42465 42468-42470 42476 42481 42483-42484 42486 42490-42491 42500-42501 42503 42517 42758-42759 42764-42765 42820-42821 42837 42847 42869 43008 43011-43014 43017-43022 43026 43029 43033 43035 43038 43040-43042 43044 43048 43057 43060 43073 43075 48040</spatial><spectral>1.9867573869263685e-19 3.916500758235022e-19</spectral><footprint ivo-id="ivo://ivoa.net/std/moc">https://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/moc/J/ApJS/267/34?format=ascii</footprint><waveband>Optical</waveband></coverage><tableset><schema><name>default</name><table><name>J/ApJS/267/34/table1</name><description>Derived astrophysical parameters for the 2085 clusters detected in this work</description><column><name>recno</name><description>Record number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.</description><ucd>meta.record</ucd><dataType xsi:type="vs:VOTableType">int</dataType></column><column><name>Cl</name><description>Cluster identifier</description><ucd>meta.id;meta.main</ucd><dataType xsi:type="vs:VOTableType" arraysize="17*">char</dataType><flag>primary</flag></column><column><name>RA_ICRS</name><description>Gaia DR3 Right Ascension (ICRS) at Epoch=2016</description><unit>deg</unit><ucd>pos.eq.ra;meta.main</ucd></column><column><name>e_RA_ICRS</name><description>[0.003/267] Dispersion in RAdeg</description><unit>deg</unit><ucd>stat.error;pos.eq.ra</ucd><dataType xsi:type="vs:VOTableType">float</dataType></column><column><name>DE_ICRS</name><description>[-69/73] Gaia DR3 Declination (ICRS) at Ep=2016</description><unit>deg</unit><ucd>pos.eq.dec;meta.main</ucd></column><column><name>_RA.icrs</name><description>Right ascension (ICRS) at Epoch=J2000, proper motions taken into account</description><unit>deg</unit><ucd>pos.eq.ra</ucd><flag>indexed</flag></column><column><name>_DE.icrs</name><description>Declination (ICRS) at Epoch=J2000, proper motions taken into account</description><unit>deg</unit><ucd>pos.eq.dec</ucd><flag>indexed</flag></column><column><name>e_DE_ICRS</name><description>[0.001/2] Dispersion in DEdeg</description><unit>deg</unit><ucd>stat.error;pos.eq.dec</ucd><dataType xsi:type="vs:VOTableType">float</dataType></column><column><name>GLON</name><description>Galactic longitude</description><unit>deg</unit><ucd>pos.galactic.lon</ucd></column><column><name>e_GLON</name><description>[0.001/2.1] Dispersion in GLON</description><unit>deg</unit><ucd>stat.error</ucd><dataType xsi:type="vs:VOTableType">float</dataType></column><column><name>GLAT</name><description>[-13.7/10.1] Galactic latitude</description><unit>deg</unit><ucd>pos.galactic.lat</ucd><dataType xsi:type="vs:VOTableType">double</dataType></column><column><name>e_GLAT</name><description>[0/0.5] Dispersion in GLAT</description><unit>deg</unit><ucd>stat.error</ucd><dataType xsi:type="vs:VOTableType">float</dataType></column><column><name>Ns</name><description>[20/1125] Number of member stars</description><ucd>meta.number</ucd><dataType xsi:type="vs:VOTableType">int</dataType></column><column><name>Nc</name><description>[2/327] Number of core member stars</description><ucd>meta.number</ucd><dataType xsi:type="vs:VOTableType">int</dataType></column><column><name>plx</name><description>[-0.09/1.9] Gaia DR3 parallax</description><unit>mas</unit><ucd>pos.parallax.trig</ucd><dataType xsi:type="vs:VOTableType">float</dataType></column><column><name>e_plx</name><description>[0/0.2] Dispersion in plx</description><unit>mas</unit><ucd>stat.error;pos.parallax</ucd><dataType xsi:type="vs:VOTableType">float</dataType></column><column><name>pmRA</name><description>[-11.2/3.6] Gaia DR3 proper motion along RA</description><unit>mas/yr</unit><ucd>pos.pm;pos.eq.ra</ucd><dataType xsi:type="vs:VOTableType">float</dataType></column><column><name>e_pmRA</name><description>[0.002/0.4] Dispersion in pmRA</description><unit>mas/yr</unit><ucd>stat.error;pos.pm;pos.eq.ra</ucd><dataType xsi:type="vs:VOTableType">float</dataType></column><column><name>pmDE</name><description>[-9.4/6.5] Gaia DR3 proper motion along RA</description><unit>mas/yr</unit><ucd>pos.pm;pos.eq.dec</ucd><dataType xsi:type="vs:VOTableType">float</dataType></column><column><name>e_pmDE</name><description>[0.002/0.4] Dispersion in pmDE</description><unit>mas/yr</unit><ucd>stat.error;pos.pm;pos.eq.dec</ucd><dataType xsi:type="vs:VOTableType">float</dataType></column><column><name>m-M</name><description>[9/21.6] Distance modulus</description><unit>mag</unit><ucd>phot.mag.distMod</ucd><dataType xsi:type="vs:VOTableType">float</dataType></column><column><name>A0</name><description>[0.05/12] Extinction at 550 nm</description><unit>mag</unit><ucd>phys.absorption;em.opt.V</ucd><dataType xsi:type="vs:VOTableType">float</dataType></column><column><name>logAge</name><description>[6/10.1] log age</description><unit>log(yr)</unit><ucd>time.age</ucd><dataType xsi:type="vs:VOTableType">float</dataType></column><column><name>RVel</name><description>[-279/844]? Radial velocity</description><unit>km/s</unit><ucd>phys.veloc;pos.heliocentric</ucd><dataType xsi:type="vs:VOTableType">float</dataType><flag>nullable</flag></column><column><name>e_RVel</name><description>[0.01/276]? Dispersion in RVel</description><unit>km/s</unit><ucd>stat.error;spect.dopplerVeloc</ucd><dataType xsi:type="vs:VOTableType">float</dataType><flag>nullable</flag></column><column><name>o_RVel</name><description>[0/42] Number of cores with RVel</description><ucd>meta.number</ucd><dataType xsi:type="vs:VOTableType">int</dataType></column><column><name>Type</name><description>Cluster type (1)</description><ucd>meta.code</ucd><dataType xsi:type="vs:VOTableType" arraysize="3*">char</dataType></column><column><name>HR23</name><description>Display data from Hunt+ 2023 J/A+A/673/A114 within 3'</description><ucd>meta.ref.url</ucd><dataType xsi:type="vs:VOTableType">int</dataType><flag>nullable</flag></column></table><table><name>J/ApJS/267/34/table2</name><description>The astrometric and photometric parameters of the member stars from Gaia DR3</description><column><name>e_RVel</name><description>[0.1/40]? Uncertainty in RVel</description><unit>km/s</unit><ucd>stat.error;spect.dopplerVeloc</ucd><dataType xsi:type="vs:VOTableType">float</dataType><flag>nullable</flag></column><column><name>Gmag</name><description>[3.8/21] Mean Gaia DR3 G band apparent magnitude</description><unit>mag</unit><ucd>phot.mag;em.opt</ucd><dataType xsi:type="vs:VOTableType">float</dataType></column><column><name>Bp-Rp</name><description>[-1.6/7.7] Gaia DR3 (Blue-Red) passband color</description><unit>mag</unit><ucd>phot.color;em.opt.B;em.opt.R</ucd><dataType xsi:type="vs:VOTableType">float</dataType></column><column><name>Core?</name><description>[0/1] Core member flag (ifcore: 1=core member; 0=outer member)</description><ucd>meta.code</ucd><dataType xsi:type="vs:VOTableType">int</dataType></column><column><name>Cl</name><description>Cluster identifier</description><ucd>meta.id.parent</ucd><dataType xsi:type="vs:VOTableType" arraysize="17*">char</dataType></column><column><name>Simbad</name><description>Simbad column added by the CDS</description><ucd>meta.ref.url</ucd><dataType xsi:type="vs:VOTableType" arraysize="*">char</dataType></column><column><name>_RA.icrs</name><description>Right ascension (ICRS) at Epoch=J2000, proper motions taken into account</description><unit>deg</unit><ucd>pos.eq.ra</ucd><flag>indexed</flag></column><column><name>_DE.icrs</name><description>Declination (ICRS) at Epoch=J2000, proper motions taken into account</description><unit>deg</unit><ucd>pos.eq.dec</ucd><flag>indexed</flag></column><column><name>recno</name><description>Record number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.</description><ucd>meta.record</ucd><dataType xsi:type="vs:VOTableType">int</dataType></column><column><name>Gaia</name><description>Gaia DR3 identifier</description><ucd>meta.id;meta.main</ucd></column><column><name>RA_ICRS</name><description>Gaia DR3 Right Ascension (ICRS) at Ep=2016.0</description><unit>deg</unit><ucd>pos.eq.ra;meta.main</ucd><flag>indexed</flag></column><column><name>e_RA_ICRS</name><description>[0.005/2] Uncertainty in RAdeg</description><unit>deg</unit><ucd>stat.error;pos.eq.ra</ucd><dataType xsi:type="vs:VOTableType">double</dataType></column><column><name>DE_ICRS</name><description>[-69/73] Gaia DR3 Declination (ICRS) at Ep=2016</description><unit>deg</unit><ucd>pos.eq.dec;meta.main</ucd><flag>indexed</flag></column><column><name>e_DE_ICRS</name><description>[0.005/2] Uncertainty in DEdeg</description><unit>deg</unit><ucd>stat.error;pos.eq.dec</ucd><dataType xsi:type="vs:VOTableType">double</dataType></column><column><name>GLON</name><description>Galactic longitude</description><unit>deg</unit><ucd>pos.galactic.lon</ucd></column><column><name>GLAT</name><description>[-14/10.5] Galactic latitude</description><unit>deg</unit><ucd>pos.galactic.lat</ucd><dataType xsi:type="vs:VOTableType">double</dataType></column><column><name>RUWE</name><description>[0.5/24.4] Gaia DR3 Renormalized Unit Weight Error value</description><ucd>stat.error</ucd><dataType xsi:type="vs:VOTableType">float</dataType></column><column><name>plx</name><description>[-0.6/1.7] Gaia DR3 parallax</description><unit>mas</unit><ucd>pos.parallax.trig</ucd><dataType xsi:type="vs:VOTableType">double</dataType></column><column><name>e_plx</name><description>[0.008/2.4] Uncertainty in plx</description><unit>mas</unit><ucd>stat.error;pos.parallax</ucd><dataType xsi:type="vs:VOTableType">double</dataType></column><column><name>pmRA</name><description>[-11.5/4.2] Gaia DR3 proper motion along RA</description><unit>mas/yr</unit><ucd>pos.pm;pos.eq.ra</ucd><dataType xsi:type="vs:VOTableType">double</dataType></column><column><name>e_pmRA</name><description>[0.005/2.5] Uncertainty in pmRA</description><unit>mas/yr</unit><ucd>stat.error;pos.pm;pos.eq.ra</ucd><dataType xsi:type="vs:VOTableType">double</dataType></column><column><name>pmDE</name><description>[-9.8/7] Gaia DR3 proper motion along DE</description><unit>mas/yr</unit><ucd>pos.pm;pos.eq.dec</ucd><dataType xsi:type="vs:VOTableType">double</dataType></column><column><name>e_pmDE</name><description>[0.008/3] Uncertainty in pmDE</description><unit>mas/yr</unit><ucd>stat.error;pos.pm;pos.eq.dec</ucd><dataType xsi:type="vs:VOTableType">double</dataType></column><column><name>RVel</name><description>[-650/844]? Gaia DR3 radial velocity</description><unit>km/s</unit><ucd>phys.veloc;pos.heliocentric</ucd><dataType xsi:type="vs:VOTableType">double</dataType><flag>nullable</flag></column></table><table><name>J/ApJS/267/34/ic10mmb</name><description>Gaia DR3 members of IC 10</description><column><name>recno</name><description>Record number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.</description><ucd>meta.record</ucd><dataType xsi:type="vs:VOTableType">int</dataType></column><column><name>Gaia</name><description>Gaia DR3 identifier</description><ucd>meta.id;meta.main</ucd></column><column><name>RAJ2000</name><description>[4.8/5.4] Right ascension (J2000)</description><unit>deg</unit><ucd>pos.eq.ra;meta.main</ucd></column><column><name>e_RAJ2000</name><description>[0.04/0.8] RAdeg uncertainty</description><unit>deg</unit><ucd>stat.error;pos.eq.ra</ucd><dataType xsi:type="vs:VOTableType">double</dataType></column><column><name>DEJ2000</name><description>[59/59.4] Declination (J2000)</description><unit>deg</unit><ucd>pos.eq.dec;meta.main</ucd></column><column><name>e_DEJ2000</name><description>[0.05/0.7] DEdeg uncertainty</description><unit>deg</unit><ucd>stat.error;pos.eq.dec</ucd><dataType xsi:type="vs:VOTableType">double</dataType></column><column><name>GLON</name><description>[118.8/119.2] Galactic longitude</description><unit>deg</unit><ucd>pos.galactic.lon</ucd></column><column><name>GLAT</name><description>[-3.5/-3.2] Galactic latitude</description><unit>deg</unit><ucd>pos.galactic.lat</ucd><dataType xsi:type="vs:VOTableType">double</dataType></column><column><name>RUWE</name><description>[0.9/4] Gaia DR3 RUWE value</description><ucd>stat.error</ucd><dataType xsi:type="vs:VOTableType">float</dataType></column><column><name>plx</name><description>[-0.72/0.5] Gaia DR3 parallax</description><unit>mas</unit><ucd>pos.parallax.trig</ucd><dataType xsi:type="vs:VOTableType">double</dataType></column><column><name>e_plx</name><description>[0.06/1] Parallax uncertainty</description><unit>mas</unit><ucd>stat.error;pos.parallax</ucd><dataType xsi:type="vs:VOTableType">double</dataType></column><column><name>pmRA</name><description>[-0.63/0.7] Gaia DR3 proper motion in RA</description><unit>mas/yr</unit><ucd>pos.pm;pos.eq.ra</ucd><dataType xsi:type="vs:VOTableType">double</dataType></column><column><name>e_pmRA</name><description>[0.06/1] pmRA uncertainty</description><unit>mas/yr</unit><ucd>stat.error;pos.pm;pos.eq.ra</ucd><dataType xsi:type="vs:VOTableType">double</dataType></column><column><name>pmDE</name><description>[-0.71/1] Gaia DR3 proper motion in declination</description><unit>mas/yr</unit><ucd>pos.pm;pos.eq.dec</ucd><dataType xsi:type="vs:VOTableType">double</dataType></column><column><name>e_pmDE</name><description>[0.06/1.1] pmDE uncertainty</description><unit>mas/yr</unit><ucd>stat.error;pos.pm;pos.eq.dec</ucd><dataType xsi:type="vs:VOTableType">double</dataType></column><column><name>Gmag</name><description>[17/20.8] Gaia DR3 G-band magnitude</description><unit>mag</unit><ucd>phot.mag;em.opt</ucd><dataType xsi:type="vs:VOTableType">float</dataType></column><column><name>Bp-Rp</name><description>[-0.52/3.5] Gaia DR3 Bp-Rp color index</description><unit>mag</unit><ucd>phot.color;em.opt.B;em.opt.R</ucd><dataType xsi:type="vs:VOTableType">float</dataType></column><column><name>Core?</name><description>[0/1] ifcore flag (1=core member; 0=outer member)</description><ucd>meta.code</ucd><dataType xsi:type="vs:VOTableType">int</dataType></column></table></schema></tableset></ri:Resource>