J/ApJS/264/48ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJS/264/48doi:10.26093/cds/vizier.22640048CDSWang Y.X.Zhang J.S.Yu H.Z.Wang Y.Yan Y.T.Chen J.L.Zhao J.Y.,Zou Y.P.2023-08-25T12:23:17Z2023-04-24T09:30:46ZCDS support team

CDS, Observatoire de Strasbourg, 11 rue de l'Universite, F-67000 Strasbourg, France

cds-question@unistra.frh-ii-regionsradio-astronomyinterstellar-mediumastrophysical-masersmolecular-physicsWe conducted observations of multiple HC_3_N (J=10-9, 12-11, and 16-15) lines and the N_2_H^+^ (J=1-0) line toward a large sample of 61 ultracompact (UC) HII regions, through the Institut de Radioastronomie Millmetrique 30 m and the Arizona Radio Observatory 12m telescopes. The N_2_H^+^ J=1-0 line is detected in 60 sources and HC3N is detected in 59 sources, including 40 sources with three lines, 9 sources with two lines, and 10 sources with one line. Using the rotational diagram, the rotational temperature and column density of HC3N were estimated toward sources with at least two HC3N lines. For 10 sources with only one HC3N line, their parameters were estimated, taking one average value of T_rot_. For N_2_H^+^, we estimated the optical depth of the N_2_H^+^ J=1-0 line, based on the line intensity ratio of its hyperfine structure lines. Then the excitation temperature and column density were calculated. When combining our results in UC HII regions and previous observation results on high-mass starless cores, the N(HC3N)/N(N2H+) ratio clearly increases from the region stage. This means that the abundance ratio changes with the evolution of high-mass star-forming regions (HMSFRs). Moreover, positive correlations between the ratio and other evolutionary indicators (dust temperature, bolometric luminosity, and luminosity-to-mass ratio) are found. Thus we propose the ratio of N(HC3N)/N(N2H+) as a reliable chemical clock of HMSFRs.2023ApJS..264...48Whttps://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/cat/J/ApJS/264/48CatalogResearchIsServedByTAP VizieR generic serviceIsServedByConesearch servicerelated-toJ/ApJ/566/945 : Massive star forming regions at 1.2mm (Beuther+, 2002)J/A+A/426/503 : Catalog of high velocity molecular outflows (Wu+ 2004)J/AJ/129/348 : Radio compact HII regions in the Milky Way (Giveon+, 2005)J/AJ/130/156 : Galactic radio compact HII regions at 1.4GHz (Giveon+, 2005)J/A+A/434/613 : Water maser survey of methanol masers (Szymczak+, 2005)J/ApJ/641/389 : Millimetric observations of IRDC cores (Rathborne+, 2006)J/A+A/453/1003 : SCUBA ultracompact HII regions (Thompson+, 2006)J/A+A/461/11 : Radio observations of MYSO candidates (Urquhart+, 2007)J/AJ/136/2391 : GLIMPSE Extended Green Objects catalog (Cyganowski+, 2008)J/A+A/498/147 : High mass protostellar objects parameters (Grave+, 2009)J/A+A/501/539 : RMS survey. 6cm observations of YSOs (Urquhart+, 2009)J/MNRAS/416/178 : 1.2-mm dust clumps with luminous water masers (Breen+, 2011)J/ApJS/197/25 : MALT90 pilot survey (Foster+, 2011)J/ApJS/206/22 : Newly EGOs from GLIMPSE II survey. II. MoC (Chen+, 2013)J/ApJ/764/61 : H2O maser & NH_3_ survey of GLIMPSE EGOs (Cyganowski+, 2013)J/ApJ/777/157 : 90GHz obs. of high-mass star-forming regions (Hoq+, 2013)J/ApJS/205/1 : CORNISH project. II. Source catalog (Purcell+, 2013)J/MNRAS/435/400 : ATLASGAL. Compact HII regions (Urquhart+, 2013)J/A+A/565/A75 : ATLASGAL: dust condensations in Gal. plane (Csengeri+, 2014)J/A+A/563/A97 : IRAM 30m reduced spectra of 59 sources (Gerner+, 2014)J/ApJ/783/130 : Parallaxes of high mass star forming regions (Reid+, 2014)J/A+A/579/A71 : Infrared emission of young HII regions (Cesaroni+, 2015)J/A+A/579/A80 : Star-forming regions deuteration (Gerner+, 2015)J/MNRAS/453/645 : Massive molecular outflows (Maud+, 2015)J/ApJ/833/18 : Ultra-compact HII regions & methanol masers. I. (Hu+, 2016)J/AJ/152/92 : NH3 & CO outflow around 6.7GHz methanol masers (Li+, 2016)J/ApJS/231/20 : A new 95GHz methanol maser catalog. I. (Yang+, 2017)J/ApJS/231/11 : High-mass starless clump cand. from ATLASGAL (Yuan+, 2017)J/A+A/606/A74 : IRC +10216 13.3GHz-18.5GHz spectrum (Zhang+, 2017)J/A+A/615/A103 : CORNISH project. III. UCHII region catalog (Kalcheva+, 2018)J/ApJ/867/167 : High-mass outflows from the COHRS CO(3-2) survey (Li+, 2018)J/MNRAS/473/1059 : Galactic clump properties (Urquhart+, 2018)J/ApJS/235/3 : Outflows associated with ATLASGAL clumps (Yang+, 2018)J/MNRAS/487/1057 : Massive SFR beyond the solar circle (Djordjevic+, 2019)J/ApJ/885/131 : ~200 high-mass SFR plx & PM with VLBI (Reid+, 2019)J/MNRAS/484/4444 : ATLASGAL dense clumps Molecular parameters (Urquhart+, 2019)J/ApJ/899/145 : Sulfur isotopes in SFR with 12m ARO and 30m IRAM (Yu+, 2020)J/A+A/637/A40 : HMSCs classification and physical parameters (Zhang+, 2020)J/MNRAS/510/3389 : High-mass star formation evolution (Urquhart+, 2022)J/A+A/663/A177 : High-mass star-forming regions cyanopolyyne (Wang+, 2022)J/A+A/658/A160 : SEDIGISM survey, search for molecular outflows (Yang+, 2022)https://cds.unistra.fr/vizier-org/licences_vizier.htmlhttps://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJS/264/48https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJS/264/48http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJS/264/48https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJS/264/48https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJS/264/48http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJS/264/48GETtext/xml+votablehttps://tapvizier.cds.unistra.fr/TAPVizieR/tapCone search capability for table J/ApJS/264/48/uchii (Ultracompact HII region (Table 1) and derived parameters of HC3N and N2H+ (Table 6))https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJS/264/48/uchii?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJS/264/48/uchii?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJS/264/48/uchii?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true265.8567083-29.6548750.005555555555555556Cone search capability for table J/ApJS/264/48/table7 (Physical parameters of HC3N and N2H+ in high-mass starless cores (HMSCs) and high-mass protostellar cores (HMPOs))https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJS/264/48/table7?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJS/264/48/table7?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJS/264/48/table7?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true280.3208333-5.16666670.0055555555555555566/13049 14306-14307 14309 14314 14353-14356 14604 14625 14655 14670 14689 14693 14697 15390 15473 15629 15681 23795 24554 28827 28830-28831 28913 28918-28919 29091 29097 29114 29118 29154 29160 29504 29510 29529 29532-29534 30218 30245 30256 30258 30262 30268-30269 30312 30315 30317-30318 30330 30416 30420 30425 30595 30600 30604-30605 30616 30644 30691-30692 30694 30714 30716 30719https://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/moc/J/ApJS/264/48?format=asciiRadiodefaultJ/ApJS/264/48/uchiiUltracompact HII region (Table 1) and derived parameters of HC3N and N2H+ (Table 6)RefReference (2)meta.ref;pos.frameintCH3OHICH3OH Class I Maser?meta.codecharH2OH2O Maser?meta.codecharOHOH Maser?meta.codecharNhc3nNumber of HC_3_N measurements (link to Table 3)meta.numberintnullableNn2hpNumber of N2H+ measurements (link to Table 4)meta.numberintnullableOutDisplay the outflow and maser information for this source (link to Table 5)meta.ref.urlintnullableSize[29.18/67.1]? Source size (HC3N J=10-9)arcsecphys.angSizefloatnullableTrot[19.5/60.7]? Rotational Temperature, HC3NKphys.temperaturefloatnullablee_Trot[0.2/36]? Uncertainty in TrotKstat.errorfloatnullablef_Trot[1/2]? Flag on Trot (3)meta.codeintnullableNHC3N[0.14/9.9]? Column density, HC3N1e+13cm**-2phys.columnDensityfloatnullablee_NHC3N[0.01/1.6]? Uncertainty in N-HC3N1e+13cm**-2stat.errorfloatnullablef_NHC3N[1/2]? Flag on HC3N (3)meta.codeintnullabletau[0.08/4.1]? Optical depth from N2H+phys.absorption.opticalDepthfloatnullablee_tau[0.02/1.2]? Uncertainty on taustat.errorfloatnullableTex[3/20.1]? Excitation temperature, N2H+Kphys.atmol.excitationfloatnullablee_Tex[0.01/1.8]? Uncertainty on TexKstat.errorfloatnullableNN2H+[0.4/20.9]? Column density, N2H+1e+13cm**-2phys.columnDensityfloatnullablee_NN2H+[0.01/0.9]? Uncertainty on N-N2H+1e+13cm**-2stat.errorfloatnullablerCatDisplay data from Hu+, 2016, J/ApJ/833/18 ; Kalcheva+ 2018, J/A+A/615/A103 and Urquhart+ 2009, J/A+A/501/539 within 1"meta.ref.urlintnullableR19Display data from Reid+ 2019, J/ApJ/885/131meta.ref.urlcharrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintNameSource name (GLLL.ll+BB.bb)meta.id;meta.maincharprimaryRAJ2000[17/22] Hour of Right Ascension (J2000)pos.eq.ra;meta.mainDEJ2000Degree of Declination (J2000)pos.eq.dec;meta.mainDist[0.8/20.5] Heliocentric distance (1)kpcpos.distancefloatCH3OHIICH3OH Class II Maser?meta.codecharSimbadSimbad column added by the CDSmeta.ref.urlcharJ/ApJS/264/48/table3Spectral line parameters of HC_3_NrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintNameSource name (GLLL.ll+BB.bb)meta.id;meta.maincharTelTelescope name (1)meta.id;instr.telcharTrHC3N Transitionphys.atmol.transProb;phys.atmol.transitioncharExp[3.8/210] Integration timemintime.epochfloatrms[0.01/0.12] Root mean square valueKinstr.det.noisefloatTmb[0.07/3.7]? Peak Tmb valueKphys.temperaturefloatnullablevlsr[-72.6/110.7]? Local standard of rest velocitykm/sphys.veloc;pos.lsrfloatnullablee_vlsr[0.01/0.3]? Uncertainty in vlsrkm/sstat.error;phys.veloc;pos.lsrfloatnullabledv[1.3/7.8]? Full width at half maximum (FHWM)km/sspect.line.widthfloatnullablee_dv[0.01/0.6]? Uncertainty in dvkm/sstat.errorfloatnullableI[0.03/23.6]? Integrated line intensityK.km/sphot.flux.densityfloatnullablee_I[0.01/0.2]? Uncertainty in IK.km/sstat.errorfloatnullableJ/ApJS/264/48/table4Spectral line parameters of N_2_H^+^NameSource name (GLLL.ll+BB.bb)meta.id;meta.maincharrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintTrNH2+ TransitionphyscharExp[3.8/120] Integration timemintime.epochfloatrms[0.01/0.08] Root mean square valueKinstr.det.noisefloatvlsr[-81/116]? Local standard of rest velocitykm/sphys.veloc;pos.lsrfloatnullablee_vlsr[0.01/0.7]? Uncertainty in vlsrkm/sstat.error;phys.veloc;pos.lsrfloatnullabledv[0.7/5.6]? Full width at half maximum (FHWM)km/sspect.line.widthfloatnullablee_dv[0.01/0.8]? Uncertainty in dvkm/sstat.errorfloatnullableI[0.2/65.2]? Integrated line intensityK.km/sphot.flux.densityfloatnullablee_I[0.01/2.5]? Uncertainty in IK.km/sstat.errorfloatnullableTmb[0.08/10.3]? Peak Tmb valueKphys.temperaturefloatnullableJ/ApJS/264/48/table5Outflow and maser information of sources with line wingsH2OH2O maser?meta.codecharr_CH3OHIReference for CH3OHI (1)meta.ref;pos.framecharNameSource name (GLLL.ll+BB.bb)meta.id;meta.maincharrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintBlueBlue wing?meta.codecharRedRed wing?meta.codecharOutflowDipolar CO Outflow?meta.codecharr_Outflow? Reference for Outflow (1)meta.ref;pos.frameintnullabler_H2OReference for H2O (1)meta.ref;pos.framecharCH3OHIClass I CH3OH maser?meta.codecharJ/ApJS/264/48/table7Physical parameters of HC3N and N2H+ in high-mass starless cores (HMSCs) and high-mass protostellar cores (HMPOs)SimbadNameSimbad column added by the CDSmeta.idcharnullablerecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintStageEvolutionary stage ("HPMO":high-mass protostellar core; or "HMSC": high-mass starless core)meta.code.classcharSourceSource namemeta.id;meta.maincharDist[1/11] Heliocentric distance (1)kpcpos.distancefloatNHC3N[0.05/2.3]? Column density, HC3N (2)1e+13cm**-2phys.columnDensityfloatnullablee_NHC3N[0.01/0.7]? Uncertainty in N-HC3N (2)1e+13cm**-2stat.errorfloatnullabletau[0.4/3.9] optical depth from N2H+ (3)phys.absorption.opticalDepthfloate_tau[0.03/1.2] Uncertainty on tau (3)stat.errorfloatTex[2.8/8.4] excitation temperature, N2H+ (3)Kphys.atmol.excitationfloate_Tex[0/0.5] Uncertainty on Tex (3)Kstat.errorfloatNN2H+[0.9/14.8] Column density, N2H+ (3)1e+13cm**-2phys.columnDensityfloate_NN2H+[0.05/0.5] Uncertainty on N-N2H+ (3)1e+13cm**-2stat.errorfloat_RARight Ascension (J2000) from SIMBAD (not part of the original data)degpos.eq.ra;meta.main_DEDeclination (J2000) from SIMBAD (not part of the original data)degpos.eq.dec;meta.main