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<ri:Resource created="2021-08-02T12:49:16Z" status="active" updated="2026-08-03T07:24:51Z" version="1.2" xmlns:cs="http://www.ivoa.net/xml/ConeSearch/v1.0" xmlns:ri="http://www.ivoa.net/xml/RegistryInterface/v1.0" xmlns:vr="http://www.ivoa.net/xml/VOResource/v1.0" xmlns:vs="http://www.ivoa.net/xml/VODataService/v1.1" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.ivoa.net/xml/ConeSearch/v1.0 http://vo.ari.uni-heidelberg.de/docs/schemata/ConeSearch.xsd http://www.ivoa.net/xml/VOResource/v1.0 http://vo.ari.uni-heidelberg.de/docs/schemata/VOResource.xsd http://www.ivoa.net/xml/VODataService/v1.1 http://vo.ari.uni-heidelberg.de/docs/schemata/VODataService.xsd" xsi:type="vs:CatalogService"><title>Finding QSOs behind the Galactic Plane. I. The GPQ cat.</title><shortName>J/ApJS/254/6</shortName><identifier>ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJS/254/6</identifier><altIdentifier>doi:10.26093/cds/vizier/bb-7y-6</altIdentifier><curation><publisher ivo-id="ivo://CDS">CDS</publisher><creator><name>Fu Y.</name></creator><creator><name>Wu X.-B.</name></creator><creator><name>Yang Q.</name></creator><creator><name>Brown A.G.A.</name></creator><creator><name>Feng X.</name></creator><creator><name>Ma Q.</name></creator><creator><name>Li S.</name></creator><date role="Updated">2026-08-03T07:24:51Z</date><date role="Created">2021-08-02T12:49:16Z</date><contact><name>CDS support team</name><address>CDS, Observatoire de Strasbourg, 11 rue de l'Universite, F-67000 Strasbourg, France</address><email>cds-question@unistra.fr</email></contact></curation><content><subject>quasars</subject><subject>galaxy-planes</subject><subject>milky-way-galaxy</subject><subject>infrared-photometry</subject><subject>visible-astronomy</subject><subject>broad-band-photometry</subject><subject>redshifted</subject><subject>astronomical-object-identification</subject><subject>proper-motions</subject><subject>surveys</subject><description>Quasars behind the Galactic plane (GPQs) are important astrometric references and useful probes of Milky Way gas. However, the search for GPQs is difficult due to large extinctions and high source densities in the Galactic plane. Existing selection methods for quasars developed using high Galactic latitude (high-b) data cannot be applied to the Galactic plane directly because the photometric data obtained from high-b regions and the Galactic plane follow different probability distributions. To alleviate this data set shift problem for quasar candidate selection, we adopt a transfer-learning framework at both the data and algorithm levels. At the data level, to make a training set in which a data set shift is modeled, we synthesize quasars and galaxies behind the Galactic plane based on SDSS sources and the Galactic dust map. At the algorithm level, to reduce the effect of class imbalance, we transform the three-class classification problem for stars, galaxies, and quasars into two binary classification tasks. We apply the XGBoost algorithm to Pan-STARRS1 (PS1) and AllWISE photometry for classification and an additional cut on Gaia proper motion to remove stellar contaminants. We obtain a reliable GPQ candidate catalog with 160946 sources located at |b|&lt;=20{deg} in the PS1-AllWISE footprint. Photometric redshifts of GPQ candidates achieved with the XGBoost regression algorithm show that our selection method can identify quasars in a wide redshift range (0&lt;z&lt;~5). This study extends the systematic searches for quasars to the dense stellar fields and shows the feasibility of using astronomical knowledge to improve data mining under complex conditions in the big-data era.</description><source format="bibcode">2021ApJS..254....6F</source><referenceURL>https://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/cat/J/ApJS/254/6</referenceURL><type>Catalog</type><contentLevel>Research</contentLevel><relationship><relationshipType>IsServedBy</relationshipType><relatedResource ivo-id="ivo://CDS.VizieR/TAP">TAP VizieR generic service</relatedResource></relationship><relationship><relationshipType>IsServedBy</relationshipType><relatedResource>Conesearch service</relatedResource></relationship><relationship><relationshipType>related-to</relationshipType><relatedResource ivo-id="ivo://CDS.VizieR/II/207">II/207 : Palomar-Green catalog UV-excess stellar objects (Green+ 1986)</relatedResource><relatedResource ivo-id="ivo://CDS.VizieR/I/345">I/345 : Gaia DR2 (Gaia Collaboration, 2018)</relatedResource><relatedResource ivo-id="ivo://CDS.VizieR/VIII/65">VIII/65 : 1.4GHz NRAO VLA Sky Survey (NVSS) (Condon+ 1998)</relatedResource><relatedResource ivo-id="ivo://CDS.VizieR/VII/233">VII/233 : The 2MASS Extended sources (IPAC/UMass, 2003-2006)</relatedResource><relatedResource ivo-id="ivo://CDS.VizieR/II/328">II/328 : AllWISE Data Release (Cutri+ 2013)</relatedResource><relatedResource ivo-id="ivo://CDS.VizieR/VII/273">VII/273 : The Half Million Quasars (HMQ) catalogue (Flesch, 2015)</relatedResource><relatedResource ivo-id="ivo://CDS.VizieR/II/349">II/349 : The Pan-STARRS release 1 (PS1) Survey - DR1 (Chambers+, 2016)</relatedResource><relatedResource ivo-id="ivo://CDS.VizieR/V/153">V/153 : LAMOST DR4 catalogs (Luo+, 2018)</relatedResource><relatedResource ivo-id="ivo://CDS.VizieR/VII/285">VII/285 : Gaia DR2 quasar and galaxy classification (Bailer-Jones+, 2019)</relatedResource><relatedResource ivo-id="ivo://CDS.VizieR/VII/289">VII/289 : SDSS quasar catalog, sixteenth data release (DR16Q) (Lyke+, 2020)</relatedResource><relatedResource ivo-id="ivo://CDS.VizieR/VII/290">VII/290 : The Million Quasars (Milliquas) catalogue, version 7.2 (Flesch, 2021)</relatedResource><relatedResource ivo-id="ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/AJ/112/407">J/AJ/112/407 : The FIRST bright QSO survey (Gregg+, 1996)</relatedResource><relatedResource ivo-id="ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/AJ/119/2540">J/AJ/119/2540 : Asiago-ESO/RASS QSO survey. 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by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.</description><ucd>meta.record</ucd><dataType xsi:type="vs:VOTableType">int</dataType></column><column><name>GLON</name><description>Galactic longitude (l)</description><unit>deg</unit><ucd>pos.galactic.lon</ucd><flag>indexed</flag></column><column><name>e_Jmag</name><description>[0.02/0.4]? Uncertainty in Jmag</description><unit>mag</unit><ucd>stat.error;phot.mag</ucd><dataType xsi:type="vs:VOTableType">float</dataType><flag>nullable</flag></column><column><name>Hmag</name><description>[11.8/17.9]? 2MASS H band (1.65um) magnitude</description><unit>mag</unit><ucd>phot.mag;em.IR.H</ucd><dataType xsi:type="vs:VOTableType">float</dataType><flag>nullable</flag></column><column><name>e_Hmag</name><description>[0.019/0.4]? Uncertainty in Hmag</description><unit>mag</unit><ucd>stat.error;phot.mag</ucd><dataType xsi:type="vs:VOTableType">float</dataType><flag>nullable</flag></column><column><name>Ksmag</name><description>[10.8/17.4]? 2MASS Ks band (2.17um) magnitude (Kmag)</description><unit>mag</unit><ucd>phot.mag;em.IR.K</ucd><dataType xsi:type="vs:VOTableType">float</dataType><flag>nullable</flag></column><column><name>e_Ksmag</name><description>[0.017/0.5]? Uncertainty in Ksmag (e_Kmag)</description><unit>mag</unit><ucd>stat.error;phot.mag</ucd><dataType xsi:type="vs:VOTableType">float</dataType><flag>nullable</flag></column><column><name>Gaia</name><description>? Gaia DR2 identifier (Gaia_source_id)</description><ucd>meta.id.cross</ucd><flag>nullable</flag></column><column><name>plx</name><description>[-14.3/11]? Gaia DR2 parallax (parallax)</description><unit>mas</unit><ucd>pos.parallax.trig</ucd><dataType xsi:type="vs:VOTableType">float</dataType><flag>nullable</flag></column><column><name>Name</name><description>Main identifier for an object in SIMBAD (sb_main_id)</description><ucd>meta.id</ucd><dataType xsi:type="vs:VOTableType" arraysize="30*">char</dataType></column><column><name>_RA.icrs</name><description>Right ascension (ICRS) (computed by VizieR, not part of the original data. The format may include more digits than the original data because of internal accuracy requirements in VizieR and across other CDS services)</description><unit>deg</unit><ucd>pos.eq.ra</ucd><flag>indexed</flag></column><column><name>_DE.icrs</name><description>Declination (ICRS) (computed by VizieR, not part of the original data. The format may include more digits than the original data because of internal accuracy requirements in VizieR and across other CDS services)</description><unit>deg</unit><ucd>pos.eq.dec</ucd><flag>indexed</flag></column><column><name>GLAT</name><description>[-20.1/20.1] Galactic latitude (b)</description><unit>deg</unit><ucd>pos.galactic.lat</ucd><flag>indexed</flag></column><column><name>zphot</name><description>[0.016/4.8] Photometric redshift predicted with XGBoost regressor (photoz)</description><ucd>src.redshift</ucd><dataType xsi:type="vs:VOTableType">float</dataType></column><column><name>Pstar</name><description>[1.2e-5/0.01] Probability of the object being a star (p_star) (1)</description><ucd>stat.fit.goodness</ucd><dataType xsi:type="vs:VOTableType">double</dataType></column><column><name>Pext</name><description>[0.99/1] Probability of the object being an extragalactic object (p_ext) (1)</description><ucd>stat.fit.goodness</ucd><dataType xsi:type="vs:VOTableType">float</dataType></column><column><name>Pgal</name><description>[2.6e-5/0.05] Probability of the object being a galaxy (p2_gal) (2)</description><ucd>stat.fit.goodness</ucd><dataType xsi:type="vs:VOTableType">double</dataType></column><column><name>Pqso</name><description>[0.95/1] Probability of the object being a quasar (p2_qso) (2)</description><ucd>stat.fit.goodness</ucd><dataType xsi:type="vs:VOTableType">float</dataType></column><column><name>fpm0</name><description>[0.0001/20.8]? Probability density of zero proper motion (f_PM0_) of the source</description><ucd>stat.fit.goodness</ucd><dataType xsi:type="vs:VOTableType">double</dataType><flag>nullable</flag></column><column><name>logfpm0</name><description>[-4/1.4]? Log of fpm0 (log_fpm0)</description><ucd>stat.fit.goodness</ucd><dataType xsi:type="vs:VOTableType">double</dataType><flag>nullable</flag></column><column><name>E(B-V)</name><description>[0.018/8.95] Line-of-sight E(B-V) given by the Planck14 dust map (ebv)</description><unit>mag</unit><ucd>phot.color.excess</ucd><dataType xsi:type="vs:VOTableType">float</dataType></column><column><name>objID</name><description>PS1 unique object identifier (PS_objID)</description><ucd>meta.id</ucd></column><column><name>gmag</name><description>[14.2/23.8] PS1 mean PSF g-band AB magnitude</description><unit>mag</unit><ucd>phot.mag;em.opt.B</ucd><dataType xsi:type="vs:VOTableType">float</dataType></column><column><name>e_gmag</name><description>[0/0.5]? Uncertainty in gmag</description><unit>mag</unit><ucd>stat.error;phot.mag</ucd><dataType xsi:type="vs:VOTableType">float</dataType><flag>nullable</flag></column><column><name>gKmag</name><description>[13.4/24]? PS1 mean Kron g-band AB magnitude</description><unit>mag</unit><ucd>phot.mag;em.opt.B</ucd><dataType xsi:type="vs:VOTableType">float</dataType><flag>nullable</flag></column><column><name>e_gKmag</name><description>[0/0.4]? Uncertainty in gKmag</description><unit>mag</unit><ucd>stat.error;phot.mag</ucd><dataType xsi:type="vs:VOTableType">float</dataType><flag>nullable</flag></column><column><name>rmag</name><description>[14/22.4] PS1 mean PSF r-band AB magnitude</description><unit>mag</unit><ucd>phot.mag;em.opt.R</ucd><dataType xsi:type="vs:VOTableType">float</dataType></column><column><name>e_rmag</name><description>[0/0.5]? Uncertainty in rmag</description><unit>mag</unit><ucd>stat.error;phot.mag</ucd><dataType xsi:type="vs:VOTableType">float</dataType><flag>nullable</flag></column><column><name>rKmag</name><description>[14/22.9]? PS1 mean Kron r-band band AB magnitude</description><unit>mag</unit><ucd>phot.mag;em.opt.R</ucd><dataType xsi:type="vs:VOTableType">float</dataType><flag>nullable</flag></column><column><name>e_rKmag</name><description>[0/0.4]? Uncertainty in rKmag</description><unit>mag</unit><ucd>stat.error;phot.mag</ucd><dataType xsi:type="vs:VOTableType">float</dataType><flag>nullable</flag></column><column><name>imag</name><description>[14.1/22.2] PS1 mean PSF i-band AB magnitude</description><unit>mag</unit><ucd>phot.mag;em.opt.I</ucd><dataType xsi:type="vs:VOTableType">float</dataType></column><column><name>e_imag</name><description>[0/0.3]? Uncertainty in imag</description><unit>mag</unit><ucd>stat.error;phot.mag</ucd><dataType xsi:type="vs:VOTableType">float</dataType><flag>nullable</flag></column><column><name>iKmag</name><description>[14.1/22.2] PS1 mean Kron i-band AB magnitude</description><unit>mag</unit><ucd>phot.mag;em.opt.I</ucd><dataType xsi:type="vs:VOTableType">float</dataType></column><column><name>e_iKmag</name><description>[0/0.4] Uncertainty in iKmag</description><unit>mag</unit><ucd>stat.error;phot.mag</ucd><dataType xsi:type="vs:VOTableType">float</dataType></column><column><name>zmag</name><description>[14/21.7] PS1 mean PSF z-band AB magnitude</description><unit>mag</unit><ucd>phot.mag;em.opt.I</ucd><dataType xsi:type="vs:VOTableType">float</dataType></column><column><name>e_zmag</name><description>[0/0.5]? Uncertainty in zmag</description><unit>mag</unit><ucd>stat.error;phot.mag</ucd><dataType xsi:type="vs:VOTableType">float</dataType><flag>nullable</flag></column><column><name>zKmag</name><description>[14/22.1] PS1 mean Kron z-band AB magnitude</description><unit>mag</unit><ucd>phot.mag;em.opt.I</ucd><dataType xsi:type="vs:VOTableType">float</dataType></column><column><name>e_zKmag</name><description>[0/0.4] Uncertainty in zKmag</description><unit>mag</unit><ucd>stat.error;phot.mag</ucd><dataType xsi:type="vs:VOTableType">float</dataType></column><column><name>ymag</name><description>[11.5/22.2] PS1 mean PSF y band AB magnitude</description><unit>mag</unit><ucd>phot.mag;em.IR.J</ucd><dataType xsi:type="vs:VOTableType">float</dataType></column><column><name>e_ymag</name><description>[0/0.5]? Uncertainty in ymag</description><unit>mag</unit><ucd>stat.error;phot.mag</ucd><dataType xsi:type="vs:VOTableType">float</dataType><flag>nullable</flag></column><column><name>yKmag</name><description>[10.6/22.9]? PS1 mean Kron y-band AB magnitude</description><unit>mag</unit><ucd>phot.mag;em.IR.J</ucd><dataType xsi:type="vs:VOTableType">float</dataType><flag>nullable</flag></column><column><name>e_yKmag</name><description>[0/0.4]? Uncertainty in yKmag</description><unit>mag</unit><ucd>stat.error;phot.mag</ucd><dataType xsi:type="vs:VOTableType">float</dataType><flag>nullable</flag></column><column><name>AllWISE</name><description>AllWISE unique source ID (AllWISE_ID)</description><ucd>meta.id.cross</ucd></column><column><name>W1mag</name><description>[8.8/18.4] WISE W1 (3.35um) band magnitude</description><unit>mag</unit><ucd>phot.mag;em.IR.3-4um</ucd><dataType xsi:type="vs:VOTableType">float</dataType></column><column><name>e_W1mag</name><description>[0.02/0.3] Uncertainty in W1mag</description><unit>mag</unit><ucd>stat.error;phot.mag</ucd><dataType xsi:type="vs:VOTableType">float</dataType></column><column><name>W2mag</name><description>[7.8/17.2] WISE W2 (4.6um) band magnitude</description><unit>mag</unit><ucd>phot.mag;em.IR.4-8um</ucd><dataType xsi:type="vs:VOTableType">float</dataType></column><column><name>e_W2mag</name><description>[0.018/0.3] Uncertainty in W2mag</description><unit>mag</unit><ucd>stat.error;phot.mag</ucd><dataType xsi:type="vs:VOTableType">float</dataType></column><column><name>W3mag</name><description>[4.2/13.7]? WISE W3 (11.6um) band magnitude</description><unit>mag</unit><ucd>phot.flux.density;em.IR.8-15um</ucd><dataType xsi:type="vs:VOTableType">float</dataType><flag>nullable</flag></column><column><name>e_W3mag</name><description>[0.01/0.6]? Uncertainty in W3mag</description><unit>mag</unit><ucd>stat.error;phot.mag</ucd><dataType xsi:type="vs:VOTableType">float</dataType><flag>nullable</flag></column><column><name>W4mag</name><description>[1.2/10.2]? WISE W4 (22.1um) band magnitude</description><unit>mag</unit><ucd>phot.flux.density;em.IR.15-30um</ucd><dataType xsi:type="vs:VOTableType">float</dataType><flag>nullable</flag></column><column><name>e_W4mag</name><description>[0.01/0.6]? Uncertainty in W4mag</description><unit>mag</unit><ucd>stat.error;phot.mag</ucd><dataType xsi:type="vs:VOTableType">float</dataType><flag>nullable</flag></column><column><name>Jmag</name><description>[12.6/18.7]? 2MASS J band (1.25um) magnitude</description><unit>mag</unit><ucd>phot.mag;em.IR.J</ucd><dataType xsi:type="vs:VOTableType">float</dataType><flag>nullable</flag></column><column><name>e_plx</name><description>[0.03/4.4]? Parallax uncertainty (parallax_error)</description><unit>mas</unit><ucd>stat.error;pos.parallax</ucd><dataType xsi:type="vs:VOTableType">float</dataType><flag>nullable</flag></column><column><name>pmRA</name><description>[-14.5/15]? Gaia DR2 proper motion in right ascension direction (pmRA*cosDE)</description><unit>mas/yr</unit><ucd>pos.pm;pos.eq.ra</ucd><dataType xsi:type="vs:VOTableType">float</dataType><flag>nullable</flag></column><column><name>e_pmRA</name><description>[0.03/5.3]? PmRA standard error (pmra_error)</description><unit>mas/yr</unit><ucd>stat.error;pos.pm;pos.eq.ra</ucd><dataType xsi:type="vs:VOTableType">float</dataType><flag>nullable</flag></column><column><name>pmDE</name><description>[-12.7/13.1]? Gaia DR2 proper motion in declination direction (pmdec)</description><unit>mas/yr</unit><ucd>pos.pm;pos.eq.dec</ucd><dataType xsi:type="vs:VOTableType">float</dataType><flag>nullable</flag></column><column><name>e_pmDE</name><description>[0.028/5.2]? PmDE standard error (pmdec_error)</description><unit>mas/yr</unit><ucd>stat.error;pos.pm;pos.eq.dec</ucd><dataType xsi:type="vs:VOTableType">float</dataType><flag>nullable</flag></column><column><name>Corpm</name><description>[-0.94/0.92]? Correlation between pmRA and pmDE (pmra_pmdec_corr)</description><ucd>stat.correlation;pos.pm;pos.eq.dec</ucd><dataType xsi:type="vs:VOTableType">float</dataType><flag>nullable</flag></column><column><name>s_pmRA</name><description>[0.075/5.7]? True external uncertainty of pmRA (pmra_error_ext)</description><unit>mas/yr</unit><ucd>stat.error;pos.pm;pos.eq.ra</ucd><dataType xsi:type="vs:VOTableType">float</dataType><flag>nullable</flag></column><column><name>s_pmDE</name><description>[0.073/5.6]? True external uncertainty of pmDE (pmdec_error_ext)</description><unit>mas/yr</unit><ucd>stat.error;pos.pm;pos.eq.dec</ucd><dataType xsi:type="vs:VOTableType">float</dataType><flag>nullable</flag></column><column><name>OType</name><description>Main object type for an object in SIMBAD (sb_main_type)</description><ucd>src.class;meta.main</ucd><dataType xsi:type="vs:VOTableType" arraysize="19*">char</dataType></column><column><name>z</name><description>[0.048/4.9]? Redshift of an object recorded in SIMBAD (sb_redshift)</description><ucd>src.redshift</ucd><dataType xsi:type="vs:VOTableType">double</dataType><flag>nullable</flag></column><column><name>GPQC</name><description>Catalog designation based on PS1 coordinates (Jhhmmss.ss+ddmmss.s) (Designation)</description><ucd>meta.id;meta.main</ucd><dataType xsi:type="vs:VOTableType" arraysize="19*">char</dataType></column></table></schema></tableset></ri:Resource>