J/ApJS/241/1ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJS/241/1doi:10.26093/cds/vizier.22410001CDSCao Y.Qiu K.Zhang Q.Wang Y.Hu B.Liu J.2024-11-06T20:29:46Z2024-02-07T09:18:37ZCDS support team

CDS, Observatoire de Strasbourg, 11 rue de l'Universite, F-67000 Strasbourg, France

cds-question@unistra.frinterstellar-mediumstar-forming-regionsspectral-energy-distributionmillimeter-astronomyphotometrysubmillimeter-astronomyinfrared-sourcesUsing infrared to (sub)millimeter data from Spitzer, Herschel, the James Clerk Maxwell Telescope, and the IRAM 30m telescope, we conducted an unbiased survey of the massive dense cores (MDCs) in the Cygnus X molecular cloud complex, aimed at characterizing the physical conditions of high-mass star formation (HMSF) at ~0.1pc scales. We created 5{deg}x6{deg} images of the 70-1200{mu}m dust continuum, gas column density, and dust temperature of Cygnus X. A spatial relation between the dense regions (A_v_>=15) and the developed HII regions was found, indicating the impact of the latter on the global structures of Cygnus X. With a 35M_{sun}_ mass threshold implied by HMSF signposts, we identified 151 MDCs with sizes of ~0.1pc, masses of 35-1762M_{sun}_, and temperatures of 8-35K. Our MDC sample is statistically complete in Cygnus X and is three times larger than that in Motte+ (2007, J/A+A/476/1243). The MDCs were classified into IR-bright/IR-quiet ones based on their midinfrared fluxes, and a large "IR-quiet" proportion (90%) was found in our sample. Two possible scenarios were proposed to interpret accelerated HMSF and the incapability of HMSF of the IR-quiet MDCs. We also found 26 starless MDCs by their lack of compact emissions at 21-70{mu}m wavelengths, of which the most massive ones are probably the best candidates of initial HMSF sites in Cygnus X.2019ApJS..241....1Chttps://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/cat/J/ApJS/241/1CatalogResearchIsServedByTAP VizieR generic serviceIsServedByConesearch servicerelated-toV/114 : MSX6C Infrared Point Source Catalog (Egan+ 2003)II/328 : AllWISE Data Release (Cutri+ 2013)II/368 : The Spitzer (SEIP) source list (SSTSL2) (Spitzer Science Center, 2021)J/A+A/241/551 : Radio continuum in Cygnus X region (Wendker+ 1991)J/A+A/403/1095 : 6.7GHz methanol masers survey of low-mass YSO (Minier+, 2003)J/A+A/432/737 : General Catalog of 6.7GHz Methanol Masers (Pestalozzi+, 2005)J/ApJ/641/389 : Millimetric observations of IRDC cores (Rathborne+, 2006)J/A+A/462/L17 : Dense cores in interstellar molecular clouds (Alves+, 2007)J/A+A/472/835 : JHKs and GLIMPSE photometry of RCW 120 (Zavagno+, 2007)J/A+A/476/1243 : Millimeter continuum mapping of Cygnus X (Motte+, 2007)J/A+A/527/A135 : Gas dynamics in Massive Dense Cores in Cyg-X (Csengeri+, 2011)J/A+A/570/A1 : Cygnus-X CO and SiO outflows datacubes (Duarte-Cabral+, 2014)J/A+A/561/A83 : SDC13 infrared dark clouds spectra (Peretto+, 2014)J/AJ/148/11 : Infrared photometry in Cygnus-X (Kryukova+, 2014)J/ApJS/212/1 : The WISE catalog of Galactic HII regions (Anderson+, 2014)J/ApJ/833/18 : Ultra-compact HII regions & methanol masers. I. (Hu+, 2016)J/A+A/602/A77 : HOBYS: 46 MDCs found in NGC 6334 (Tige+, 2017)J/ApJ/927/185 : Surveys of clumps & cores in Cygnus X. II. VLA. (Wang+, 2022)https://cds.unistra.fr/vizier-org/licences_vizier.htmlhttps://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJS/241/1https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJS/241/1http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJS/241/1https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJS/241/1https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJS/241/1http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJS/241/1GETtext/xml+votablehttps://tapvizier.cds.unistra.fr/TAPVizieR/tapCone search capability for table J/ApJS/241/1/mdcs (Properties of massive dense cores (MDCs) in Cygnus X (Table 6) and fluxes (Table 7))https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJS/241/1/mdcs?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJS/241/1/mdcs?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJS/241/1/mdcs?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true307.357791740.60144440.005555555555555556Cone search capability for table J/ApJS/241/1/table9 (Midinfrared sources associated with the MDCs in Cygnus X)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJS/241/1/table9?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJS/241/1/table9?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJS/241/1/table9?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true307.357791740.60144440.0055555555555555566/14621-14623 14644 14646-14647 14652 14665 14667-14668 14670-14671 14682 14688-14690 14692-14693 14696-14697 147041.3647317218004372e-22 1.0852176742250458e-20https://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/moc/J/ApJS/241/1?format=asciiInfraredMillimeterdefaultJ/ApJS/241/1/mdcsProperties of massive dense cores (MDCs) in Cygnus X (Table 6) and fluxes (Table 7)[CQZ2019]MDC namemeta.id;meta.maincharprimarySimbadSimbad column added by the CDSmeta.ref.urlcharrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintM07Associated source in M07 (Motte+ 2007, J/A+A/476/1243) (1)meta.id.assoccharRAJ2000Hour of right ascension (J2000)pos.eq.ra;meta.mainDEJ2000Degree of declination (J2000)pos.eq.dec;meta.mainFWHM0[0.03/0.3]? Deconvolved FWHM sizes in the Herschel 160um band (2)pcphys.size.diameterfloatnullableFWHM[0.08/0.31] Convolved FWHM sizes in the Herschel 160um band (2)pcphys.size.diameterfloatTemp[8.4/34.7] Dust temperature (3)phys.temperaturefloate_Temp[0.2/12.1] Temp uncertaintystat.errorfloatMass[35.1/1762] Mass (3)solMassphys.massfloate_Mass[2.1/261] Mass uncertaintysolMassstat.error;phys.massfloatl_NH2[>= ] Limit flag on NH2meta.code.error;phys.columnDensitycharNH2[2.5/1263.3] Hydrogen column density; N_H2_=(4/{pi})(M/({mu}_H2_m_H_FWHM_dec_^2^))cm**-2phys.abund.Xfloatl_nH2[>= ] Limit flag on nH2meta.code.errorcharnH2[0.4/1715] Volume-averaged H2 density n_H2_=(6/{pi})(M/({mu}_H2_m_H_FWHM_dec_^3^))phys.densityfloatLFIR[1.99/20413] FIR luminosity (4)phys.luminosity;em.IRdoubleClassInfrared classification (5)src.classcharNmirNumber of MIR sources associated to this MDC (link to Table 9)meta.numberintnullableF70[0.4/11010]? Herschel/PACS 70 um flux densityJyphot.flux.density;em.IR.30-60umdoublenullablee_F70[0.02/43.5]? F70 uncertaintyJystat.errorfloatnullablef_F70Flag on F70 (1)meta.codecharF160[0.79/10470]? Herschel/PACS 160 um flux densityJyphot.flux.density;em.mm.1500-3000GHzdoublenullablee_F160[0.09/35]? F160 uncertaintyJystat.errorfloatnullablef_F160Flag on F160 (1)meta.codecharF250[0.3/1116]? Herschel/SPIRE 250 um flux densityJyphot.flux.density;em.mm.750-1500GHzdoublenullablee_F250[0.07/24.1]? F250 uncertaintyJystat.errorfloatnullablef_F250Flag on F250 (1)meta.codecharF350[0.5/1762]? Herschel/SPIRE 350 um flux densityJyphot.flux.density;em.mm.750-1500GHzdoublenullablee_F350[0.05/8.4]? F350 uncertaintyJystat.errorfloatnullablef_F350Flag on F350 (1)meta.codecharF450[0.29/394]? JCMT/SCUBA-2 450um flux densityJyphot.flux.density;em.mm.400-750GHzfloatnullablee_F450[0.02/2.4]? F450 uncertaintyJystat.errorfloatnullablef_F450Flag on F450 (1)meta.codecharF500[0.7/898]? Herschel/SPIRE 500 um flux densityJyphot.flux.density;em.mm.400-750GHzfloatnullablee_F500[0.04/3.4]? F500 uncertaintyJystat.errorfloatnullablef_F500Flag on F500 (1)meta.codecharF850[0.1/114]? JCMT/SCUBA-2 850um flux densityJyphot.flux.density;em.mm.200-400GHzfloatnullablee_F850[0.02/1]? F850 uncertaintyJystat.errorfloatnullablef_F850Flag on F850 (1)meta.codecharF1.2mm[0.05/22.6]? IRAM/MAMBO 1.2mm flux densityJyphot.flux.density;em.mm.200-400GHzfloatnullablee_F1.2mm[0.01/0.2]? F1.2mm uncertaintyJystat.errorfloatnullablef_F1.2mmFlag on F1.2mm (1)meta.codecharJ/ApJS/241/1/table9Midinfrared sources associated with the MDCs in Cygnus X[CQZ2019]MDC namemeta.id;meta.maincharSimbadSimbad column added by the CDSmeta.ref.urlcharrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintMethMethods used to extract fluxes (1)meta.notecharF24[0.004/6.6]? Spitzer/MIPS 24um fluxJyphot.flux.density;em.IR.15-30umfloatnullableSpitzerSpitzer identifier (JHHMMSS.ss+DDMMSS.s)meta.id.assoccharF21[-1.5/1241]? MSX6C 21um fluxJyphot.flux.density;em.IR.15-30umdoublenullableMSX6CMSX6C identifier (GBBB.bbbb+LL.llll)meta.id.assocchar_RARight Ascension (J2000) from SIMBAD (not part of the original data)degpos.eq.ra;meta.mainnullable_DEDeclination (J2000) from SIMBAD (not part of the original data)degpos.eq.dec;meta.mainnullable