J/ApJS/235/30ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJS/235/30doi:10.26093/cds/vizier.22350030CDSKarska A.Kaufman M.J.Kristensen L.E.van Dishoeck E.F.Herczeg G.J.,Mottram J.C.Tychoniec L.Lindberg J.E.Evans II N.J.Green J.D.,Yang Y.-L.Gusdorf A.Itrich D.Siodmiak N.2025-05-22T20:13:54Z2023-10-20T11:55:55ZCDS support team

CDS, Observatoire de Strasbourg, 11 rue de l'Universite, F-67000 Strasbourg, France

cds-question@unistra.frinterstellar-mediumyoung-stellar-objectsinfrared-sourcesstellar-distancemolecular-cloudsstar-forming-regionsRecent observations from Herschel allow the identification of important mechanisms responsible both for the heating of the gas that surrounds low-mass protostars and for its subsequent cooling in the far-infrared. Shocks are routinely invoked to reproduce some properties of the far-IR spectra, but standard models fail to reproduce the emission from key molecules, e.g., H_2_O. Here, we present the Herschel Photodetector Array Camera and Spectrometer (PACS) far-IR spectroscopy of 90 embedded low-mass protostars (Class 0/I). The Herschel-PACS spectral maps, covering ~55-210{mu}m with a field of view of ~50", are used to quantify the gas excitation conditions and spatial extent using rotational transitions of H_2_O, high-J CO, and OH, as well as [OI] and [CII]. We confirm that a warm (~300K) CO reservoir is ubiquitous and that a hotter component (760+/-170K) is frequently detected around protostars. The line emission is extended beyond ~1000au spatial scales in 40/90 objects, typically in molecular tracers in Class 0 and atomic tracers in Class I objects. High-velocity emission (>~90km/s) is detected in only 10 sources in the [OI] line, suggesting that the bulk of [OI] arises from gas that is moving slower than typical jets. Line flux ratios show an excellent agreement with models of C-shocks illuminated by ultraviolet (UV) photons for pre-shock densities of ~10^5^cm^-3^ and UV fields 0.1-10 times the interstellar value. The far-IR molecular and atomic lines are a unique diagnostic of feedback from UV emission and shocks in envelopes of deeply embedded protostars.2018ApJS..235...30Khttps://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/cat/J/ApJS/235/30CatalogResearchIsServedByTAP VizieR generic serviceIsServedByConesearch servicerelated-toVI/139 : Herschel Observation Log (Herschel Science Centre, 2013)J/ApJ/692/973 : Protostars in Perseus, Serpens and Ophiuchus (Enoch+, 2009)J/A+A/498/167 : Embedded sources in L 1688 (van Kempen+, 2009)J/ApJS/181/321 : Properties of Spitzer c2d dark clouds (Evans+, 2009)J/MNRAS/406/1745 : H2O in interstellar shock waves (Flower+, 2010)J/A+A/550/A106 : Low-velocity shocks models (Lesaffre+, 2013)J/ApJ/767/36 : APEX observations of HOPS protostars (Stutz+, 2013)J/A+A/568/A125 : NGC 1333 IRAS 4A H_2_O observations (Santangelo+, 2014)J/A+A/572/A21 : H_2_O sp. of 29 nearby Class 0/I protostars (Mottram+, 2014)J/A+A/576/A109 : YSOs APEX-CHAMP^+^ high-J CO maps (Yildiz+, 2015)J/A+A/578/A63 : MHD shock code mhd_vode (Flower+, 2015)J/ApJS/220/11 : SEDs of Spitzer YSOs in the Gould Belt (Dunham+, 2015)J/ApJ/818/73 : Protostars in the Perseus molecular cloud (Tobin+, 2016)J/AJ/151/75 : Herschel-PACS & -SPIRE spectrosc. of 70 objects (Green+, 2016)J/A+A/594/A59 : Far-IR lines in YSOs Herschel-PACS (Riviere-Marichalar+, 2016)https://cds.unistra.fr/vizier-org/licences_vizier.htmlhttps://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJS/235/30https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJS/235/30http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJS/235/30https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJS/235/30https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJS/235/30http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJS/235/30GETtext/xml+votablehttps://tapvizier.cds.unistra.fr/TAPVizieR/tapCone search capability for table J/ApJS/235/30/protostars (Luminosities and bolometric temperatures of embedded protostars (Table 1) and rotational temperatures and numbers of emitting molecules (Table 3) and total luminosities (Table 4))https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJS/235/30/protostars?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJS/235/30/protostars?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJS/235/30/protostars?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true51.343041730.75388890.0055555555555555566/857-860 862 881 1048 1052 1054 1061 1074 1082 1154 1539 15426 15965 23533 23549 29653 30341 30343 30352 30366 30519 30733 30821 32083 36956-36957 37819 41132 42738 42970 42981 42992 43010 47742 47828https://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/moc/J/ApJS/235/30?format=asciiInfrareddefaultJ/ApJS/235/30/protostarsLuminosities and bolometric temperatures of embedded protostars (Table 1) and rotational temperatures and numbers of emitting molecules (Table 3) and total luminosities (Table 4)LOH[0/32]? Total OH luminosity0.001solLumphys.luminosityfloatnullableLOI63[0.02/148]? Total [OI]63um luminosity0.001solLumphys.luminosity;em.IRfloatnullableLOItot[0.02/158]? Total [OI] luminosity (sum of the line luminosities of the [OI] lines at 63 and 145um)0.001solLumphys.luminosity;em.IRfloatnullableNotesNote(s) (1)meta.notecharDEJ2000Degree of declination (J2000)pos.eq.dec;meta.mainCloudCloud namemeta.id.parentcharDist[106/450] Distance (1)pcpos.distance;pos.heliocentricintLbol[0.1/108.7] Bolometric luminositysolLumphys.luminosityfloatRlum[0.1/27.3]? Ratio of submm luminosity to bolometric luminosity%phys.luminosity;arith.ratiofloatnullableTbol[14/605] Bolometric temperatureKphys.temperatureintClassYSO classsrc.classcharONameOther name(s) (2)meta.idcharSurveySurvey identifier(s) (3)meta.idcharf_Seqe: Sources with extended line and continuum emission (see Table 2); flag added by CDSmeta.codecharSourceSource namemeta.idcharTCO14-26[177/562]? CO J_up_=14-26 rotational temperatureKphys.temperatureintnullablee_TCO14-26[8/146]? TCO14-26 uncertaintyKstat.errorintnullablelogN14-26[47/50.6]? CO J_up_=14-26 log number of emitting moleculesmeta.numberfloatnullablee_logN14-26[0/0.5]? logN14-26 uncertaintystat.errorfloatnullableTCOg27[488/1089]? CO J_up_>=27 rotational temperatureKphys.temperatureintnullablee_TCOg27[10/411]? TCOg27 uncertaintyKstat.errorintnullablelogNg27[47/49.7]? CO J_up_>=27 log number of emitting moleculesmeta.numberfloatnullablee_logNg27[0.1/0.7]? logNg27 uncertaintystat.errorfloatnullableTH2O[51/310]? H_2_O rotational temperatureKphys.temperatureintnullablee_TH2O[9/202]? TH2O uncertaintyKstat.errorintnullablelogNH2O[44.4/47.3]? H_2_O log number of emitting moleculesmeta.numberfloatnullablee_logNH2O[0.1/1.1]? logNH2O uncertaintystat.errorfloatnullableTOH[33/150]? OH rotational temperatureKphys.temperatureintnullablee_TOH[3/214]? TOH uncertaintyKstat.errorintnullablelogNOH[50.4/54.2]? OH log number of emitting moleculesmeta.numberfloatnullablee_logNOH[0.2/1.2]? logNOH uncertaintystat.errorfloatnullableModeMode: F=full or L=line spectroscopy with PACSmeta.codecharLH2O[0/66.1]? Total H_2_O luminosity0.001solLumphys.luminosityfloatnullableLCOwarm[0.01/143]? Total CO J_up_=14-26 luminosity0.001solLumphys.luminosityfloatnullableLCOhot[0.01/30]? Total CO J_up_>=27 luminosity0.001solLumphys.luminosityfloatnullablerecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintSeq[1/90] Running sequence numbermeta.id;meta.mainintRAJ2000Hour of right ascension (J2000)pos.eq.ra;meta.main