J/ApJS/234/9ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJS/234/9doi:10.26093/cds/vizier.22340009CDSOfir A.Xie J.-W.Jiang C.-F.Sari R.Aharonson O.2018-05-16T07:08:10Z2018-04-18T16:14:34ZCDS support team

CDS, Observatoire de Strasbourg, 11 rue de l'Universite, F-67000 Strasbourg, France

cds-question@unistra.frmultiple-starsexoplanetsThe high planetary multiplicity revealed by Kepler implies that transit timing variations (TTVs) are intrinsically common. The usual procedure for detecting these TTVs is biased to long-period, deep transit planets, whereas most transiting planets have short periods and shallow transits. Here we introduce the Spectral Approach technique to TTVs that allows expanding the TTV catalog toward lower TTV amplitude, shorter orbital period, and shallower transit depth. In the spectral approach, we assume that a sinusoidal TTV exists in the data and then calculate the improvement to {chi}^2^ that this model allows over that of the linear-ephemeris model. This enables detection of TTVs even in cases where the transits are too shallow, so that individual transits cannot be timed. The spectral approach is more sensitive because it has fewer free parameters in its model. Using the spectral approach, we (a) detect 129 new periodic TTVs in Kepler data (an increase of ~2/3 over a previous TTV catalog); (b) constrain the TTV periods of 34 long-period TTVs and reduce amplitude errors of known TTVs; and (c) identify cases of multi-periodic TTVs, for which absolute planetary mass determination may be possible. We further extend our analysis by using perturbation theory assuming a small TTV amplitude at the detection stage, which greatly speeds up our detection (to a level of few seconds per star). Our extended TTV sample shows no deficit of short-period or low-amplitude transits, in contrast to previous surveys, in which the detection schemes were significantly biased against such systems.2018ApJS..234....9Ohttps://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/cat/J/ApJS/234/9CatalogResearchIsServedByTAP VizieR generic serviceIsServedByConesearch servicerelated-toV/133 : Kepler Input Catalog (Kepler Mission Team, 2009)J/ApJS/197/2 : Transit timing observations from Kepler. I. (Ford+, 2011)J/MNRAS/421/2342 : 4 Kepler systems transit timing obs. (Steffen+, 2012)J/ApJ/756/185 : Kepler TTVs. V. Metrics catalog (Ford+, 2012)J/ApJS/208/16 : Kepler transit timing observations. VIII. (Mazeh+, 2013)J/A+A/555/A58 : New Kepler planetary candidates (Ofir+, 2013)J/ApJS/208/22 : Transit timing variation for 12 planetary pairs (Xie, 2013)J/ApJ/787/80 : 139 Kepler planets transit time variations (Hadden+, 2014)J/ApJS/210/20 : Small Kepler planets radial velocities (Marcy+, 2014)J/ApJ/784/45 : Kepler's multiple planet candidates. III. (Rowe+, 2014)J/ApJS/210/25 : Transit timing var. for 15 planetary pairs. II. (Xie, 2014)J/A+A/573/A124 : Kepler-117 transit-timing variations (Bruno+, 2015)J/MNRAS/455/4136 : Kepler triples (Borkovits+, 2016)J/ApJS/225/9 : Kepler TTVs. IX. Full long-cadence data set (Holczer+, 2016)J/AJ/151/68 : Kepler Mission. VII. Eclipsing binaries in DR3 (Kirk+, 2016)J/ApJ/822/86 : False positive prob. for Q1-Q17 DR24 KOIs (Morton+, 2016)J/A+A/587/A64 : Physical properties of giant exoplanets (Santerne+, 2016)J/AJ/154/5 : Transit timing variations of Kepler planets (Hadden+, 2017)http://exoplanetarchive.ipac.caltech.edu/ : NASA Exoplanet Archive home pagehttps://cds.unistra.fr/vizier-org/licences_vizier.htmlhttps://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJS/234/9https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJS/234/9http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJS/234/9https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJS/234/9https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJS/234/9http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJS/234/9GETtext/xml+votablehttps://tapvizier.cds.unistra.fr/TAPVizieR/tapCone search capability for table J/ApJS/234/9/table1 (Results of the combined perturbative approximation (PA) and the full MCMC spectral approach fit)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJS/234/9/table1?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJS/234/9/table1?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJS/234/9/table1?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true297.4537541.0110.0055555555555555565/3646 3689 3690 3691 3692 3693 3694 3706 3733 3734 3736 3740 3778 3781 3783 3792 6/14573 14575 14578 14579 14581 14582 14583 14589 14591 14731 14733 14734 14735 14744 14746 14750 14751 14752 14753 14754 14781 14782 14783 14794 14795 14816 14818 14830 14915 14918 14919 14920 14921 14923 14924 14925 14929 14930 14931 14940 14942 14943 14948 14949 14950 14953 14955 14957 14958 14959 14966 14967 14969 14970 14971 14972 14973 14975 15040 15041 15060 15061 15104 15105 15107 15109 15110 15111 15116 15118 15120 15121 15122 15129 15130 15131 15136 15137 15139 15140 15141 15142 15145 15146 15148 15149 15150 15153 15154 15155 15156 15158 15159 15160 15172 15174 15178 15232https://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/moc/J/ApJS/234/9?format=asciidefaultJ/ApJS/234/9/table1Results of the combined perturbative approximation (PA) and the full MCMC spectral approach fitCommCommentsmeta.notecharrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintKICKIC number of the host star (added from http://exoplanetarchive.ipac.caltech.edu/)meta.id.parentintKOI[12.01/7594.01] Kepler Object of Interest identifiermeta.id;meta.mainfloatf_KOI[0/2]? Flag on KOI (1)meta.codeintnullablefTTV[1.7/7487] Frequency of TTV signal0.0001d**-1em.freq;src.vardoubleE_fTTV[0.008/12] Upper uncertainty in fTTV0.0001d**-1stat.error;stat.maxfloate_fTTV[0.007/8] Lower uncertainty in fTTV0.0001d**-1stat.errorfloatPTTV[1/5666] Period of TTV signaldtime.periodintdchi2[10/376607] The {Delta}{chi}^2^ of TTV signal over linear modelstat.fit.chi2intArea[0.02/2.5] Cumulative {Delta}{chi}^2^ area teststat.fit.paramfloatSingle[-929/-0.7] Cumulative {Delta}{chi}^2^ single-point teststat.fit.chi2doubleRMS[1/24580] Cumulative {Delta}{chi}^2^ RMS teststat.stdevdoubleCorr[0.6/1] Cumulative {Delta}{chi}^2^ correlation teststat.correlationfloatAmp[0.1/1080] TTV signal amplitudeminstat.snr;src.var.amplitudedoubleE_Amp[0.007/197] Upper uncertainty in Ampminstat.error;stat.maxdoublee_Amp[0.005/306] Lower uncertainty in Ampminstat.errordoubleT0[10/1940] TTV signal reference time; KBJDdtime.epochdoubleE_T0[0.005/722] Upper uncertainty in T0dstat.error;stat.maxdoublee_T0[0.006/713] Lower uncertainty in T0dstat.errordoubleConf[0.9/1] Bootstrap test confidence estimation from 1000 runsstat.fit.paramfloatRatio[1/15.5] Ratio of scatter (2)stat.fit.omcfloatOFreq? Other PA-detected independent TTV frequencies (3)0.0001d**-1em.freq;src.varchare_OFreq[0/7]? Uncertainty on OFreq0.0001d**-1stat.errorfloatnullableSFreq[1.7/985] Expected stroboscopic frequency0.0001d**-1em.freq;src.varfloatRefPrevious reference code(s) (4)pos.framecharH16Display data from Holczer+, 2016, J/ApJS/225/9meta.ref.urlintnullableSimbadSimbad column added by the CDSmeta.ref.urlchar_RAPositions of KIC stars from http://exoplanetarchive.ipac.caltech.edu/ (right ascension part)degpos.eq.ra;meta.main_DEPositions of KIC stars from http://exoplanetarchive.ipac.caltech.edu/ (declination part)degpos.eq.dec;meta.main