J/ApJS/231/15ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJS/231/15doi:10.26093/cds/vizier.22310015CDSDupuy T.J.Liu M.C.2017-11-14T14:56:28Z2017-10-10T07:17:25ZCDS support team

CDS, Observatoire de Strasbourg, 11 rue de l'Universite, F-67000 Strasbourg, France

cds-question@unistra.frmultiple-starsstellar-spectral-typeshst-photometryinfrared-photometrylate-type-starsstellar-massesWe present the full results of our decade-long astrometric monitoring programs targeting 31 ultracool binaries with component spectral types M7-T5. Joint analysis of resolved imaging from Keck Observatory and Hubble Space Telescope and unresolved astrometry from CFHT/WIRCam yields parallactic distances for all systems, robust orbit determinations for 23 systems, and photocenter orbits for 19 systems. As a result, we measure 38 precise individual masses spanning 30-115M_Jup_. We determine a model-independent substellar boundary that is ~70M_Jup_ in mass (~L4 in spectral type), and we validate Baraffe et al. evolutionary model predictions for the lithium-depletion boundary (60M_Jup_ at field ages). Assuming each binary is coeval, we test models of the substellar mass-luminosity relation and find that in the L/T transition, only the Saumon & Marley (2008ApJ...689.1327S) "hybrid" models accounting for cloud clearing match our data. We derive a precise, mass-calibrated spectral type-effective temperature relation covering 1100-2800K. Our masses enable a novel direct determination of the age distribution of field brown dwarfs spanning L4-T5 and 30-70M_Jup_. We determine a median age of 1.3Gyr, and our population synthesis modeling indicates our sample is consistent with a constant star formation history modulated by dynamical heating in the Galactic disk. We discover two triple-brown-dwarf systems, the first with directly measured masses and eccentricities. We examine the eccentricity distribution, carefully considering biases and completeness, and find that low-eccentricity orbits are significantly more common among ultracool binaries than solar-type binaries, possibly indicating the early influence of long-lived dissipative gas disks. Overall, this work represents a major advance in the empirical view of very low-mass stars and brown dwarfs.2017ApJS..231...15Dhttps://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/cat/J/ApJS/231/15CatalogResearchIsServedByTAP VizieR generic serviceIsServedByConesearch servicerelated-toB/cfht : Log of CFHT Exposures (CADC, 1979-)B/hst : HST Archived Exposures Catalog (STScI, 2007)J/AJ/103/638 : USNO Photographic Parallaxes. I. (Monet+, 1992)J/AJ/106/773 : Mass-luminosity relation (Henry+, 1993)J/A+A/327/1039 : Structure and evolution of low-mass stars (Chabrier+ 1997)J/A+A/367/111 : A Hipparcos study of the Hyades cluster (de Bruijne+, 2001)J/AJ/126/1526 : IR photometry of ultracool dwarfs (Bouy+, 2003)J/AJ/126/2421 : 2MASS-Selected sample of ultracool dwarfs (Cruz+, 2003)J/AJ/125/3302 : HST binary very low mass stars and brown dwarfs (Gizis+, 2003)J/AJ/127/3553 : JHK photom. and spectroscopy for L and T dwarfs (Knapp+, 2004)J/ApJ/637/1067 : Near-IR spectral classification of T dwarfs (Burgasser+, 2006)J/AJ/131/2722 : New L and T dwarfs from the SDSS (Chiu+, 2006)J/AJ/132/891 : Binaries among nearby L dwarfs (Reid+, 2006)J/AJ/133/439 : Luminosity function of M7-L8 ultracool dwarfs (Cruz+, 2007)J/AJ/134/1162 : 11 new T dwarfs in 2MASS (Looper+, 2007)J/AJ/133/2258 : Activity and kinematics of ultracool dwarfs (Schmidt+, 2007)J/ApJ/689/1295 : Lithium test implications for BDs (Kirkpatrick+, 2008)J/AJ/136/1290 : Ultracool dwarfs from the 2MASS (Reid+, 2008)J/AJ/135/785 : SDSS-DR5 low-mass star spectroscopic sample (West+, 2008)J/AJ/137/1 : PMs and astrometry of late-type dwarfs (Faherty+, 2009)J/ApJ/705/1416 : Volume-limited sample of M7-M9.5 dwarfs <20pc (Reiners+, 2009)J/A+A/510/A99 : Epsilon Indi Ba and Bb IR spectra (King+, 2010)J/ApJS/190/1 : A survey of stellar families (Raghavan+, 2010)J/ApJ/725/331 : Astrometry in the Galactic Center (Yelda+, 2010)J/ApJS/201/19 : Hawaii Infrared Parallax Program. I. (Dupuy+, 2012)J/ApJ/752/56 : BDKP. III. Parallaxes for 70 ultracool dwarfs (Faherty+, 2012)J/ApJ/753/156 : T/Y brown dwarfs with WISE photometry (Kirkpatrick+, 2012)J/A+A/545/A85 : LHS1070 photometry and spectroscopy (Rajpurohit+, 2012)J/MNRAS/433/457 : 76 T dwarfs from the UKIDSS LAS (Burningham+, 2013)J/AJ/147/94 : Solar neighborhood. XXXII. L and M dwarfs (Dieterich+, 2014)J/AJ/147/146 : Spectroscopy of Tuc-Hor candidate members (Kraus+, 2014)J/A+A/581/A73 : Luhman 16AB X-shooter spectra (Lodieu+, 2015)J/AJ/152/141 : Solar neighborhood. XXXVII. RVs for M dwarfs (Benedict+, 2016)J/AJ/152/24 : Trigonometric plx of 134 low-mass stars (Weinberger+, 2016)http://www.as.utexas.edu/~tdupuy/plx/Database_of_Ultracool_Parallaxes.html :https://cds.unistra.fr/vizier-org/licences_vizier.htmlhttps://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJS/231/15https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJS/231/15http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJS/231/15https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJS/231/15https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJS/231/15http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJS/231/15GETtext/xml+votablehttps://tapvizier.cds.unistra.fr/TAPVizieR/tapCone search capability for table J/ApJS/231/15/table1 (Orbit monitoring sample)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJS/231/15/table1?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJS/231/15/table1?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJS/231/15/table1?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true6.98302522.32578890.005555555555555556Cone search capability for table J/ApJS/231/15/table4 (Integrated-light astrometry from CFHT/WIRCam)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJS/231/15/table4?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJS/231/15/table4?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJS/231/15/table4?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true6.984515122.325471710.0055555555555555566/342 4253 4775 4875 5077 5413 5540 5560 6328 6750 7291 8440 8495 8995 9569 9588 12579 12600 15255 16502 17075 19895 20993 22759 25015 25310 26594 26861 27618 32643 43856 43966 44118 45564 48462 48907https://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/moc/J/ApJS/231/15?format=asciiOpticalInfrareddefaultJ/ApJS/231/15/table5Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) posteriors for the orbit and parallax of all sourcesrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintIDIdentifier (G1)meta.id;meta.maincharType[DF] Property type (F=Fitted parameter; D=Derived property)meta.codecharPropProperty descriptionmeta.noteMedianMedian value for Propem.wl.central;stat.mediandoublee_MedianLower 1{sigma} error on Medianstat.error;em.wl.central;stat.mediandoubleE_MedianUpper 1{sigma} error on Medianstat.error;stat.maxdoubleBestBest fit for Propstat.fit.paramdoubleLConfLower 95.4% confidence boundary for Propstat.errordoubleUConfUpper 95.4% confidence boundary for Propstat.errordoubleNotePrior value or additional notesmeta.noteJ/ApJS/231/15/table9Apparent magnitudes for the samplerecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintIDIdentifier (G1)meta.id;meta.maincharFiltFilter used in the observationinstr.setup;obscharmag[9/19.7] Apparent integrated magnitude in Filtmagphot.magfloate_mag[0.01/0.2] Uncertainty in magmagstat.error;phot.magfloatDelmag[-0.6/3.4] Difference in system magnitudes in Filtmagphot.mag;arith.difffloate_Delmag[0.003/0.4] Uncertainty in Delmagmagstat.error;phot.magfloatAmag[9.7/20.3] Primary apparent magnitude in Filtmagphot.magfloate_Amag[0.01/0.2] Uncertainty in Amagmagstat.error;phot.magfloatBmag[9.9/20.7] Secondary apparent magnitude in Filtmagphot.magfloate_Bmag[0.01/0.3] Uncertainty in Bmagmagstat.error;phot.mag;em.opt.BfloatRefReference(s) (see refs.dat file)meta.ref;pos.framecharJ/ApJS/231/15/table10Summary of key parameters from orbit analysisf_MtotFlag on Mtotmeta.codechare_a[0.009/4] Positive uncertainty in aAUstat.errorfloatrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintIDIdentifier (G1)meta.id;meta.maincharMtot[38/270] Total mass(1.898187x10+27kg)phys.massfloate_Mtot[1.7/50] Negative uncertainty in Mtot(1.898187x10+27kg)stat.errorfloatE_Mtot[1.8/40] Positive uncertainty in Mtot(1.898187x10+27kg)stat.error;stat.maxfloatq[0.5/1.7]? M_2_/M_1_ ratiophys.mass;arith.ratiofloatnullablee_q[0.02/0.2]? Negative uncertainty in qstat.errorfloatnullableE_q[0.02/0.2]? Positive uncertainty in qstat.error;stat.maxfloatnullablee[0.002/0.9] Eccentricitysrc.orbital.eccentricityfloate_e[0.0003/0.3] Negative uncertainty in estat.errorfloatE_e[0.001/0.3]? Positive uncertainty in estat.error;stat.maxfloatnullablef_eFlag on emeta.codecharPer[865.8/78000] Perioddtime.perioddoublee_Per[0.2/22000] Negative uncertainty in Perdstat.errordoubleE_Per[0.2/15000] Positive uncertainty in Perdstat.error;stat.maxdoublef_PerFlag on Permeta.codechara[0.9/20] True semimajor axisAUphys.size.smajAxisfloatE_a[0.009/3] Positive uncertainty in aAUstat.error;stat.maxfloatf_aFlag on ameta.codecharaph/a[-0.9/0.9]? Ratio a_phot_/a (1)stat.fit.omcfloatnullablee_aph/a[0.006/2.1]? Uncertainty in aph/astat.errorfloatnullablebeta[0.06/0.7]? Ratio of F_2_/(F_1_+F_2_)phot.flux;arith.ratiofloatnullablee_beta[0.001/0.03]? beta uncertaintystat.errorfloatnullablePlx[31/89]? Absolute parallax from this work; column added by CDS from table 8maspos.parallaxfloatnullablee_Plx[0.6/2.2]? Plx uncertaintymasstat.error;pos.parallaxfloatnullableJ/ApJS/231/15/table11Summary of properties for dynamical mass samplerecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintIDIdentifier (G1)meta.id;meta.maincharf_IDFlag on IDmeta.codecharM1[51/156] Primary component mass(1.898187x10+27kg)phys.massfloate_M1[1/18] Negative uncertainty in M1(1.898187x10+27kg)stat.errorfloatE_M1[1/17] Positive uncertainty in M1(1.898187x10+27kg)stat.error;stat.maxfloatLbol1[-5/-3] log of bolometric luminosity for the primary componentlog(solLum)phys.luminosityfloate_Lbol1[0.02/0.07] Negative uncertainty in Lbol1log(solLum)stat.errorfloatE_Lbol1[0.02/0.07] Positive uncertainty in Lbol1log(solLum)stat.error;stat.maxfloatSpT1MK spectral type for the primary componentsrc.spTypechare_SpT1[0.5/1.5] SpT1 uncertaintystat.errorfloatTeff1[1150/2844]? Effective temperature of the primary componentKphys.temperature.effectiveintnullablee_Teff1[16/60]? Negative uncertainty in Teff1Kstat.errorintnullableE_Teff1[16/70]? Positive uncertainty in Teff1Kstat.error;stat.maxintnullableM2[31.8/116] Secondary component mass(1.898187x10+27kg)phys.massfloate_M2[1.4/18] Negative uncertainty in M2(1.898187x10+27kg)stat.errorfloatE_M2[1.4/16] Positive uncertainty in M2(1.898187x10+27kg)stat.error;stat.maxfloatLbol2[-5/-3] log of bolometric luminosity for the secondary componentsolLumphys.luminosityfloate_Lbol2[0.02/0.07] Negative uncertainty in Lbol2solLumstat.errorfloatE_Lbol2[0.02/0.08] Positive uncertainty in Lbol2solLumstat.error;stat.maxfloatSpT2MK spectral type for the secondary componentsrc.spTypechare_SpT2[0.5/1.5]? SpT2 uncertaintystat.errorfloatnullableTeff2[1100/2820]? Effective temperature of the secondary componentKphys.temperature.effectiveintnullablee_Teff2[10/70]? Negative uncertainty in Teff2Kstat.errorintnullableE_Teff2[20/60]? Positive uncertainty in Teff2Kstat.error;stat.maxintnullableAge[0.2/3.4]? AgeGyrtime.agefloatnullablee_Age[0.02/2.1]? Negative uncertainty in AgeGyrstat.error;time.agefloatnullableE_Age[0.02/2.8]? Positive uncertainty in AgeGyrstat.error;stat.maxfloatnullableJ/ApJS/231/15/table13Observed and model-derived properties of all systemsrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintIDIdentifier (G1)meta.id;meta.maincharf_ID[*] *: not explained in the papermeta.codecharType1First type (1)meta.codecharType2Second type (2)meta.codecharPropPropertymeta.notex_PropUnits for Propmeta.unitl_ValueLimit flag on Propmeta.code.error;stat.valuecharValue? Value of Propstat.fit.paramdoublenullablee_Value[0/110]? Lower uncertainty in Valuestat.error;stat.valuedoublenullableE_Value[0/100]? Upper uncertainty in Valuestat.error;stat.maxdoublenullableJ/ApJS/231/15/refsReferencesrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintRefReference codemeta.notecharBibCodeBibcode of the referencemeta.bib.bibcodecharAuthFirst author's namemeta.bib.authorcharCommCommentmeta.notecharJ/ApJS/231/15/table2Relative astrometry from Keck/NIRC2 adaptive optics imaging and maskingNep[1/17] Number of epochs observedmeta.numberintrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintIDIdentifier (G1)meta.id;meta.maincharDelt[0/12]? Time between first and last observations (only for table 2)yrtime.intervalfloatnullableDateUT date of the observationtime.epoch;obsnullableMJD? Modified Julian Date of the observation (only for table 2)dtime.epochdoublenullableSep[25/389] Separationmaspos.angDistancefloate_Sep[0.06/20] Uncertainty in Sepmasstat.errorfloatPAPosition angledegpos.posAngfloate_PA[0.01/30] Uncertainty in PAdegstat.errorfloatDelmag[-0.7/4.2]? Magnitude difference between components in Filtmagphot.mag;arith.difffloatnullablee_Delmag[0.001/0.8]? Uncertainty in Delmagmagstat.error;phot.magfloatnullableFiltFilter used in the observationinstr.setup;obscharNf[3/62]? Number of frames obtained in the observation (only for table 2)meta.numberintnullableNoteAdditional notes (1)meta.notecharJ/ApJS/231/15/table1Orbit monitoring sampleSimbadNameSimbad column added by the CDSmeta.idcharNameIdentifiermeta.id;meta.maincharr_SpTSpT reference(s)meta.ref;pos.framecharrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintf_Nameo: other ultracool visual binaries with published orbits and parallaxesmeta.codecharPDisplay the summary of properties (tables 10 and 11)meta.ref.urlintnullableNpNumber of observed and model-derived properties (table13)meta.numberintnullableNmNumber of magnitude measurements (table9)meta.numberintnullableNmcNumber of MCMC posteriors for this star (table5)meta.numberintnullableNcNumber of CFHT observations (table4)meta.numberintnullableNhNumber of HST observations (table3)meta.numberintnullableNkNumber of Keck/NIRC2 observations (table2)meta.numberintnullableSep[0.04/0.8] Binary separationarcsecpos.angDistancefloatDateUT date of binary discoverytime.epochnullableRefReferencemeta.ref;pos.framecharSpTIntegrated-light spectral type: Optical/IRsrc.spTypecharCSpTComponent spectral types A+B based on NIR spectra (unless flagged) (1)src.spTypecharf_CSpT[a] Flag on CSptT (2)meta.codecharr_CSpTCSpT referencemeta.ref;pos.framecharIDAbbreviated identifier as in other tables; column added by CDSmeta.idcharprimary_RARight Ascension (J2000) from SIMBAD (not part of the original data)degpos.eq.ra;meta.main_DEDeclination (J2000) from SIMBAD (not part of the original data)degpos.eq.dec;meta.mainJ/ApJS/231/15/table3Relative astrometry from HST imaging and the literaturerecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintIDIdentifier (G1)meta.id;meta.maincharNep[1/17] Number of epochs observedmeta.numberintDateUT date of the observationtime.epoch;obsnullableSep[25/389] Separationmaspos.angDistancefloate_Sep[0.06/20] Uncertainty in Sepmasstat.errorfloatPAPosition angledegpos.posAngfloate_PA[0.01/30] Uncertainty in PAdegstat.errorfloatDelmag[-0.7/4.2]? Magnitude difference between components in Filtmagphot.mag;arith.difffloatnullablee_Delmag[0.001/0.8]? Uncertainty in Delmagmagstat.error;phot.magfloatnullableFiltFilter used in the observationinstr.setup;obscharNoteAdditional notes (1)meta.notecharr_NoteReference for measurements coming from other paper (see refs.dat file) (2)meta.ref;pos.framecharJ/ApJS/231/15/table4Integrated-light astrometry from CFHT/WIRCamrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintIDIdentifier (G1)meta.id;meta.maincharNep[12/31] Number of epochs observedmeta.numberintDelt[2/10] Time between first and last observationsyrtime.intervalfloatDateUT date of the observationtime.epoch;obsnullableMJDModified Julian Date of the observationdtime.epochdoubleRAJ2000Right Ascension in decimal degrees (J2000)degpos.eq.ra;meta.mainDEJ2000Declination in decimal degrees (J2000)degpos.eq.dec;meta.maine_RAJ2000[0.9/19] Uncertainty in RAdeg; times cos(DE)masstat.error;pos.eq.rafloate_DEJ2000[1/17] Uncertainty in DEdegmasstat.error;pos.eq.decfloatAir[1/1.9] Airmassobs.airMassfloatSee[0.3/1.3] Seeingarcsecinstr.obsty.seeingfloat