J/ApJS/185/198ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJS/185/198doi:10.26093/cds/vizier.21850198CDSKirk J.M.Ward-Thompson D.Di Francesco J.Bourke T.L.Evans N.J.,Merin B.Allen L.E.Cieza L.A.Dunham M.M.Harvey P.Huard T.,Jorgensen J.K.Miller J.F.Noriega-Crespo A.Peterson D.Ray T.P.,Rebull L.M.2017-07-04T07:08:26Z2010-05-04T13:00:10ZCDS support team

CDS, Observatoire de Strasbourg, 11 rue de l'Universite, F-67000 Strasbourg, France

cds-question@unistra.frinfrared-photometryvisible-astronomybroad-band-photometryyoung-stellar-objectsdiffuse-molecular-cloudsastronomical-object-identificationWe present Spitzer Infrared Array Camera (IRAC; ~2deg^2^) and Multiband Imaging Photometer for Spitzer (MIPS; ~8deg^2^) observations of the Cepheus Flare, which is associated with the Gould Belt, at an approximate distance of ~300pc. Around 6500 sources are detected in all four IRAC bands, of which ~900 have MIPS 24um detections. We identify 133 young stellar object (YSO) candidates using color-magnitude diagram techniques, and a large number of the YSO candidates are associated with the NGC 7023 reflection nebula. Cross-identifications were made with the Guide Star Catalog II and the IRAS Faint Source Catalog, and spectral energy distributions (SEDs) were constructed. SED modeling was conducted to estimate the degree of infrared excess. It was found that a large majority of disks were optically thick accreting disks, suggesting that there has been little disk evolution in these sources. Nearest-neighbor clustering analysis identified four small protostellar groups (L1228, L1228N, L1251A, and L1251B) with 5-15 members each and the larger NGC 7023 association with 32 YSO members. The star-formation efficiency for cores with clusters of protostars and for those without clusters was found to be ~8% and ~1%, respectively. The cores L1155, L1241, and L1247 are confirmed to be starless down to our luminosity limit of L_bol_=0.06L_{sun}_.2009ApJS..185..198Khttps://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/cat/J/ApJS/185/198CatalogResearchIsServedByTAP VizieR generic serviceIsServedByConesearch servicerelated-toI/305 : The Guide Star Catalog, Version 2.3.2 (GSC2.3) (STScI, 2006)II/156 : IRAS Faint Source Catalog, |b|>10, Version 2.0 (Moshir+ 1989)J/A+A/272/235 : Stars in the dark cloud L1251 (Kun+ 1993)J/ApJS/115/59 : Cepheus flare molecular clouds (Kun, 1998)J/ApJS/110/21 : Molecular clouds in Cepheus and Cassiopeia (Yonekura+ 1997)J/ApJS/181/321 : Properties of Spitzer c2d dark clouds (Evans+, 2009)J/ApJ/680/495 : Survey of Interstellar clouds in Gould belt (Harvey+, 2008)https://cds.unistra.fr/vizier-org/licences_vizier.htmlhttps://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJS/185/198https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJS/185/198http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJS/185/198https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJS/185/198https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJS/185/198http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJS/185/198GETtext/xml+votablehttps://tapvizier.cds.unistra.fr/TAPVizieR/tapCone search capability for table J/ApJS/185/198/yso (Cepheus YSO candidates properties)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJS/185/198/yso?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJS/185/198/yso?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJS/185/198/yso?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true308.94291767.8838890.005555555555555556Cone search capability for table J/ApJS/185/198/table1 (Dark cloud association properties)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJS/185/198/table1?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJS/185/198/table1?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJS/185/198/table1?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true310.067.66670.0055555555555555566/15816 15959 15961 15964 15965 15967 16129 16130 16131 16136 16189 16191 16196 16197 16198 16201 16203 16206 162251.6558465556080236e-21 5.042107639525881e-19https://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/moc/J/ApJS/185/198?format=asciiOpticalInfrareddefaultJ/ApJS/185/198/ysoCepheus YSO candidates propertiesrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintMSimbad column added by the CDSmeta.ref.urlcharTypeSource type (1)src.classintSeqRunning index numbermeta.id;meta.mainintprimaryNameSpitzer catalog position identifier (HHMMSSs+DDMMSSs, J2000)meta.id;pos;meta.tablecharONamesCross-identification name from litterature (2)meta.id.assoccharl_F3.6Limit flag on F3.6meta.code.errorcharF3.6? Spitzer/IRAC 3.6 micron band flux densitymJyphot.mag;em.IR.3-4umdoublenullablee_F3.6? Uncertainty in F3.6mJystat.errorfloatnullablel_F4.5Limit flag on F4.5meta.code.errorcharF4.5? Spitzer/IRAC 4.5 micron band flux densitymJyphot.mag;em.IR.4-8umdoublenullablee_F4.5? Uncertainty in F4.5mJystat.errorfloatnullableF5.8? Spitzer/IRAC 5.8 micron band flux densitymJyphot.flux.density;em.IR.4-8umdoublenullablee_F5.8? Uncertainty in F5.8mJystat.errorfloatnullablel_F8.0Limit flag on F8.0meta.code.errorcharF8.0? Spitzer/IRAC 8.0 micron band flux densitymJyphot.flux.density;em.IR.8-15umdoublenullablee_F8.0? Uncertainty in F8.0mJystat.errorfloatnullablel_F24Limit flag on F24meta.code.errorcharF24? Spitzer/MIPS 24 micron band flux densitymJyphot.flux.density;em.IR.15-30umdoublenullablee_F24? Uncertainty in F24mJystat.errorfloatnullableF70? Spitzer/MIPS 70 micron band flux densitymJyphot.flux.density;em.IR.30-60umfloatnullablee_F70? Uncertainty in F70.0mJystat.errorfloatnullableYSOWhy the source is identified as YSO (3)meta.notecharRefReference(s) (4)meta.ref;pos.framecharCloudDark cloud name with which the YSO candidate is associatedmeta.id.parentcharalpha? IR spectral index (1)spect.indexfloatnullableaClIR spectral index class (I,II,III or F) (2)src.classcharTbol? Bolometric temperature (3)Kphys.temperature.effectiveintnullableTclBolometric temperature class (0,I,II,III, or F); see Section 4.2 and 5.2 for details (2)src.classcharLbol? Bolometric luminosity (3)solLumphys.luminosityfloatnullableLIR? Infrared luminosity (4)solLumphys.luminosity;em.IRfloatnullable_RAPosition from Name (right ascension part)degpos.eq.ra;meta.main_DEPosition from Name (declination part)degpos.eq.dec;meta.mainJ/ApJS/185/198/table9Additional fluxes (optical and IRAS)recnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintSeqRunning index numbermeta.id;meta.mainintGSC2.3GSC-II identification (Cat. <I/305>)meta.id.crosscharBFlux? GSC-II Johnson-Cousins B band flux densitymJyphot.flux.density;em.opt.BdoublenullableVFlux? GSC-II Johnson-Cousins V band flux densitymJyphot.flux.density;em.opt.VdoublenullableRFlux? GSC-II Johnson-Cousins R band flux densitymJyphot.flux.density;em.opt.RdoublenullableIFlux? GSC-II Johnson-Cousins I band flux densitymJyphot.flux.density;em.opt.IdoublenullableIRASIRAS identification (Cat. <II/156>)meta.id.crosscharl_F12Limit flag on F12meta.code.errorcharF12? IRAS 12.5 micron band flux densityJyphot.flux.density;em.IR.8-15umdoublenullablel_F25Limit flag on F25meta.code.errorcharF25? IRAS 25 micron band flux densityJyphot.flux.density;em.IR.15-30umdoublenullablel_F60Limit flag on F60meta.code.errorcharF60? IRAS 60 micron band flux densityJyphot.flux.density;em.IR.30-60umdoublenullablel_F100Limit flag on F100meta.code.errorcharF100? IRAS 100 micron band flux densityJyphot.flux.density;em.IR.60-100umdoublenullableJ/ApJS/185/198/table1Dark cloud association propertiesrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintCoreCloud associationsmeta.id;meta.maincharGLONGalactic longitudedegpos.galactic.lonGLATGalactic latitudedegpos.galactic.latfloatRAJ2000Hour of right ascension (J2000)pos.eq.ra;meta.mainDEJ2000Degree of the declination (J2000)pos.eq.dec;meta.mainDistHeliocentric distancepcpos.distanceintE_DistPositive uncertainty on Distpcstat.error;stat.maxinte_DistNegative uncertainty on Distpcstat.errorintMcloudCloud inferred masssolMassphys.massintW(CO)^13^CO line width (1)km/sspect.line.widthfloatArea1IRAC areadeg**2phys.angSizefloatArea2MIPS areadeg**2phys.angSizefloatSimbadNameSimbad column added by the CDSmeta.idcharJ/ApJS/185/198/table2Astronomical Observation Requests (AORs) in the SGBS Cepheus catalogPIRACIRAC pipelinemeta.softwarecharEp1IRAOR#1 for IRACmeta.id;obslongEp2IR? AOR#2 for IRACmeta.id;obslongnullablePIDProgram identifier (1)meta.id;obsintrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintCloudName of the central cloudmeta.id;em.wl.centralcharDateIRACIRAC observation datetime.epoch;obsnullableEp1MIPS? AOR#1 for MIPSmeta.id;obslongnullableEp2MIPS? AOR#2 for MIPSmeta.id;obslongnullableDateMIPSMIPS observation datetime.epochnullablePMIPSMIPS pipeline software IDmeta.softwarecharSimbadSimbad column added by the CDSchar