J/ApJ/968/59ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJ/968/59CDSMandal A.K.Woo J.-H.Wang S.Rakshit S.Cho H.Son D.Stalin C.S.2026-08-07T06:47:40Z2026-08-07T07:21:06ZCDS support team

CDS, Observatoire de Strasbourg, 11 rue de l'Universite, F-67000 Strasbourg, France

cds-question@unistra.fractive-galactic-nucleiinfrared-photometryvisible-astronomyredshiftedsurveysWe investigate the torus size-luminosity relation of Type 1 active galactic nuclei (AGNs) based on the reverberation-mapping analysis using the light curves of the optical continuum and the IR continuum obtained with the W1 and W2 bands of the Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer survey. The final sample consists of 446 and 416 AGNs, respectively, for W1- and W2-band light curves, covering a large dynamic range of bolometric luminosity from 10^43.4^ to 10^47.6^erg/s, which show reliable lag measurements based on our quality assessment analysis. After correcting for the accretion disk contamination in the observed IR flux, we constrain the torus size (Rdust) and AGN bolometric luminosity (Lbol) relationship with the best-fit slope of 0.39 (0.33) for the W1 (W2) band, which is shallower than expected from the dust radiation equilibrium model. By combining the previous K-band lag measurements, we find that the measured torus size depends on the observed wavelength of the dust radiation, as R_dust,K_:R_dust,W1_:R_dust,W2_=1.0:1.5:1.8 (Rdust{propto}{lambda}^0.80^) at Lbol=10^46^erg/s, confirming a stratified structure of the torus, where wavelength-dependent emissions originate from distinct regions of the torus. By investigating the deviation from the best-fit torus size-luminosity relation, we find a moderate correlation between the offset from the Rdust-Lbol relation and Eddington ratio. This suggests a possible influence of the Eddington ratio on the observed flattening of the Rdust-Lbol relationship.2024ApJ...968...59Mhttps://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/cat/J/ApJ/968/59CatalogResearchIsServedByTAP VizieR generic serviceIsServedByConesearch servicerelated-toII/313 : Palomar Transient Factory (PTF) photometric catalog 1.0 (Ofek+, 2012)II/311 : WISE All-Sky Data Release (Cutri+ 2012)II/357 : The Dark Energy Survey (DES): Data Release 1 (Abbott+, 2018)V/154 : Sloan Digital Sky Surveys (SDSS), Release 16 (DR16) (Ahumada+, 2020)VII/289 : SDSS quasar catalog, sixteenth data release (DR16Q) (Lyke+, 2020)II/371 : The Dark Energy Survey (DES): Data Release 2 (Abbott+, 2021)II/389 : The Pan-STARRS release 1 (PS1) Survey - DR2 (Magnier+, 2025)J/ApJS/95/1 : Atlas of Quasar Energy Distributions (Elvis+ 1994)J/A+A/333/231 : O-M stars model atmospheres (Bessell+ 1998)J/ApJ/613/682 : AGN central masses, broad-line region sizes (Peterson+, 2004)J/ApJS/166/470 : SDSS-Spitzer type I QSOs IR photometry (Richards+, 2006)J/ApJ/696/870 : Catalina Real-time Transient Survey (CRTS) (Drake+, 2009)J/ApJ/698/895 : Variations in QSOs optical flux (Kelly+, 2009)J/ApJS/194/45 : QSO properties from SDSS-DR7 (Shen+, 2011)J/ApJ/753/106 : QSO variability with SDSS and POSS imaging (MacLeod+, 2012)J/A+A/558/A149 : VLTI/MIDI AGN Large Program observations (Burtscher+, 2013)J/ApJ/782/45 : SEAMBHs. I. Mrk 142, Mrk 335 & IRAS F12397+3333 (Du+, 2014)J/MNRAS/439/690 : Optical/{gamma}-ray variability in blazars (Hovatta+, 2014)J/ApJ/788/159 : 17 Seyfert 1 galaxies light curves (Koshida+, 2014)J/ApJ/792/30 : NEOWISE magnitudes for near-Earth objects (Mainzer+, 2014)J/ApJ/793/108 : SEAMBHs. II. Continuum and Hbeta LCs (Wang+, 2014)J/ApJ/806/22 : SEAMBHs IV. H{beta} time lags (Du+, 2015)J/ApJ/804/L15 : SDSS-DR7 broad-line QSOs (Sun+, 2015)J/ApJ/801/127 : 3.6um, 4.5um, B & V light curves of NGC 6418 (Vazquez+, 2015)J/ApJ/851/21 : SDSS RM project first year of observations (Grier+, 2017)J/ApJ/836/186 : Continuum-band lags in SDSS QSOs from PS1 obs. (Jiang+, 2017)J/ApJ/856/6 : SEAMBHs IX. 10 new H{beta} light curves (Du+, 2018)J/ApJ/862/123 : griz light curves of 15 DES quasars (Mudd+, 2018)J/ApJ/886/42 : Reverberation mapping & opt. spectra data of AGNs (Du+, 2019)J/A+A/632/A61 : NGC1068 CO and HCO images (Garcia-Burillo+, 2019)J/ApJ/887/38 : SDSS RM Project: CIV lags & LCs from 4yrs obs. (Grier+, 2019)J/ApJS/243/21 : Broad-line AGN from SDSS-DR7 (Liu+, 2019)J/ApJ/886/33 : MIR RM analysis of 87 z<0.5 PG AGNs (Lyu+, 2019)J/ApJ/886/150 : VRI and K-band light curves of type 1 AGNs (Minezaki+, 2019)J/ApJ/901/55 : SDSS-RM project: MgII lags from 4yrs obs. (Homayouni+, 2020)J/ApJS/249/17 : SDSS QSO DR14 spectral properties (Rakshit+, 2020)J/AJ/159/259 : Opt-NIR LCs of the QSO 3C 273 (Sobrino Figaredo+, 2020)J/ApJ/900/58 : Opt-IR LC compilation of DES Stripe 82 quasars (Yang+, 2020)J/ApJS/253/20 : SEAMBHs XII. Reberberation mapping for 15 PG QSOs (Hu+, 2021)J/ApJ/920/9 : YFOSC light curves of PG 0923+201 and PG 1001+291 (Li+, 2021)J/ApJS/262/14 : AGNs with H{beta} asymmetry. III. 15 PG quasars (Bao+, 2022)J/ApJ/940/20 : z<0.8 AGNs from MQC with robust lags from ZTF (Guo+, 2022)J/ApJ/925/52 : LAMP 2016: velocity-resolved Hb lags in Seyfert (U+, 2022)http://asas-sn.osu.edu/photometry : ASAS-SN photometry homepagehttps://cds.unistra.fr/vizier-org/licences_vizier.htmlhttps://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJ/968/59https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJ/968/59http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJ/968/59https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJ/968/59https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJ/968/59http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJ/968/59GETtext/xml+votablehttps://tapvizier.cds.unistra.fr/TAPVizieR/tapCone search capability for table J/ApJ/968/59/table4 (Results of the time lag measurements for the finally selected sample)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/968/59/table4?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/968/59/table4?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/968/59/table4?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true25.0711161-0.83417420.0055555555555555565/4438 4441 4454 4501 4505-4506 4521 4694 4697 4714 4774 6/0 2 4259 4347 4369 4436 4473 4506 4817 5244 5262 5355 5437 5481 5576 5613 5699 5989 6028 6391 6505 6628 7211 8216 8246 8261 8430 8508 8845 8893 8906 9005 9018 9317 9379 9422 9750 9776 9796 10472 10578 10619 10694 10706 10709 10873 10995 11378 11388 11930 17405-17407 17661-17663 17725 17741 17748 17751 17756-17758 17762-17763 17768-17769 17771-17772 17776-17777 17779 17805-17808 17810-17813 17815 17820 17822 17825-17829 17833-17836 17840-17842 17856-17858 17981 17997-17999 18001-18003 18008 18011-18013 18017 18028-18029 18033 18061-18062 18065-18067 18069-18071 18075-18077 18081-18083 18088-18090 18092 18094 18096-18097 18114 18177-18178 18687 18749 18765-18766 18769 18773-18775 18780 18785-18787 18792-18794 18798 18800 18802 18830-18831 18835 18837 18845 18850-18851 18853-18855 18866 18880-18881 19006-19007 19021-19023 19025-19029 19031-19034 19036-19038 19043-19044 19046-19048 19050 19052-19053 19056 19089-19090 19092-19093 19101 19105-19106 19109 19111 19113 19115-19116 19118 19120-19121 19137 19200 19416 19456 19458 23203 23210 23216 25585 26089 26500 26509 26606 26998 27082 27249 27293 27349 27382 27458 27489 27562 27580 27654 27781 27795 27821 27840 28343 28471 28639 28654 31321 31401 31466 31484 31635 36862-36863https://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/moc/J/ApJ/968/59?format=asciiOpticalInfrareddefaultJ/ApJ/968/59/table4Results of the time lag measurements for the finally selected samplerecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintIDObject ID numbermeta.id;meta.maincharprimaryz[0.02/3.34] Spectroscopic redshiftsrc.redshiftfloatlogLbol[43.4/47.64] Log of AGN bolometric luminosity; erg/slog(1e-07W)phys.luminosity;phot.flux.bolfloate_logLbol[0/0.15] Uncertainty in logLbollog(1e-07W)stat.errorfloatlogEdd[-2.8/0.51]? Log of Eddington ratio obtained from this workphys.luminosity;arith.ratiofloatnullablee_logEdd[0.14/1.4]? Uncertainty in logEddstat.errorfloatnullablermaxW1[0.6/1]? Peak correlation coefficient from ICCF between optical and W1-band light curvestat.correlationfloatnullablepvalW1[0/0.2]? P(rmax)tau>0 value obtained between optical and W1-band light curvestat.probabilitydoublenullabletauW1[28/4397]? Observed-frame W1-band time lag from ICCFdtime.interval;em.IR.3-4umintnullablee_tauW1[17/1170]? Lower 1-sigma uncertainty in tauW1dstat.error;stat.min;time.intervalintnullableE_tauW1[12/709]? Upper 1-sigma uncertainty in tauW1dstat.error;stat.max;time.intervalintnullabletauW1ADC[29/4432]? Observed-frame W1-band time lag corrected for AD contamination from ICCFdtime.interval;em.IR.3-4umintnullablee_tauW1ADC[19/942]? Lower 1-sigma uncertainty in tauW1ADCdstat.error;stat.min;time.intervalintnullableE_tauW1ADC[13/1102]? Upper 1-sigma uncertainty in tauW1ADCdstat.error;stat.max;time.intervalintnullabletauW1ADCJAV[40/4337]? Observed-frame W1-band time lag corrected for AD contamination from JAVELINdtime.interval;em.IR.3-4umintnullablee_tauW1ADCJAV[3/853]? Lower 1-sigma uncertainty in tauW1ADCJAVdstat.error;stat.min;time.intervalintnullableE_tauW1ADCJAV[3/716]? Upper 1-sigma uncertainty in tauW1ADCJAVdstat.error;stat.max;time.intervalintnullablermaxW2[0.54/0.97]? Peak correlation coefficient from ICCF between optical and W2-band light curvestat.correlationfloatnullableE_tauW2[14/923]? Upper 1-sigma uncertainty in tauW2dstat.error;stat.max;time.intervalintnullabletauW2ADC[36/4134]? Observed-frame W2-band time lag corrected for AD contamination from ICCFdtime.interval;em.IR.4-8umintnullablee_tauW2ADC[12/679]? Lower 1-sigma uncertainty in tauW2ADCdstat.error;stat.min;time.intervalintnullableSimbadNameSimbad column added by the CDSmeta.idcharnullableNEDNED column added by the CDSmeta.ref.urlcharpvalW2[0/0.33]? P(rmax)tau>0 value obtained between optical and W2-band light curvestat.probabilityfloatnullabletauW2[34/4068]? Observed-frame W2-band time lag from ICCFdtime.interval;em.IR.4-8umintnullablee_tauW2[12/650]? Lower 1-sigma uncertainty in tauW2dstat.error;stat.min;time.intervalintnullableLCoInteractive optical LC Plotmeta.ref.urlcharE_tauW2ADC[15/924]? Upper 1-sigma uncertainty in tauW2ADCdstat.error;stat.max;time.intervalintnullabletauW2ADCJAV[38/3681]? Observed-frame W2-band time lag corrected for AD contamination from JAVELINdtime.interval;em.IR.4-8umintnullablee_tauW2ADCJAV[4/1058]? Lower 1-sigma uncertainty in tauW2ADCJAVdstat.error;stat.min;time.intervalintnullableE_tauW2ADCJAV[3/1255]? Upper 1-sigma uncertainty in tauW2ADCJAVdstat.error;stat.max;time.intervalintnullableNoptNumber of optical flux measurements (link to Table 3a)meta.numberintnullableNirNumber of IR flux measurements (link to Table 3b and 3c)meta.numberintnullableLCirInteractive IR LC Plotmeta.ref.urlcharL19Display data from Liu+ 2019, J/ApJS/243/21meta.ref.urlcharM12Display data from MacLeod+ 2012, J/ApJ/753/106meta.ref.urlcharSloanDisplay the online SDSS-DR19 data for the nearest objectmeta.ref.urlchar_RARight Ascension (J2000) from SIMBAD (not part of the original data)degpos.eq.ra;meta.main_DEDeclination (J2000) from SIMBAD (not part of the original data)degpos.eq.dec;meta.mainJ/ApJ/968/59/table3aOptical light curvesIDObject ID numbermeta.id;meta.maincharrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintMJD[51075.2/59550.5] Modified Julian Datedtime.epochdoubleindexedFlux[-0.06/9.71] FluxmJyphot.flux.densityfloate_Flux[0.0001/1.7] Uncertainty in FluxmJystat.error;phot.fluxfloatSurveyName of the imaging survey ("ASAS-SN", "CRTS", DES, PS1, PTF, SDSS or ZTF) and filtermeta.id;instr.filtercharJ/ApJ/968/59/table3bObserved IR light curves in W1 and W2 bandsIDObject ID numbermeta.id;meta.maincharrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintMJD[55203.2/59213.5] Modified Julian Datedtime.epochdoubleindexedFlux[0.08/38.6] FluxmJyphot.flux.densityfloate_Flux[0.0048/0.3] Uncertainty in FluxmJystat.error;phot.fluxfloatSurveyLight curves ("W1_obs" or "W2_obs")meta.code;instr.filtercharJ/ApJ/968/59/table3cAccretion disk (AD) contamination corrected IR light curves in W1 and W2 bandsIDObject ID numbermeta.id;meta.maincharrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintMJD[55203.2/59213.5] Modified Julian Datedtime.epochdoubleindexedFlux[0.067/35.2] FluxmJyphot.flux.densityfloate_Flux[0.004/0.51] Uncertainty in FluxmJystat.error;phot.fluxfloatSurveyLight curves ("W1_adc" or "W2_adc")meta.code;instr.filterchar