J/ApJ/966/145ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJ/966/145doi:10.26093/cds/vizier/ba-y6-4hCDSCantiello M.Blakeslee J.P.Ferrarese L.Cote P.Raimondo G.,Cuillandre J.-C.Durrell P.R.Gwyn S.Hazra N.Peng E.W.,Roediger J.C.Sanchez-Janssen R.Kurzner M.2026-09-14T14:02:22Z2026-09-14T08:03:13ZCDS support team

CDS, Observatoire de Strasbourg, 11 rue de l'Universite, F-67000 Strasbourg, France

cds-question@unistra.frgalaxy-clustersgalaxiesphotometryvisible-astronomytwo-color-diagramsgalaxy-radiiThe surface brightness fluctuation (SBF) method is a robust and efficient way of measuring distances to galaxies containing evolved stellar populations. Although many recent applications of the method have used space-based imaging, SBF remains a powerful technique for ground-based telescopes. Deep, wide-field imaging surveys with subarcsecond seeing enable SBF measurements for numerous nearby galaxies. Using a preliminary calibration, Cantiello+ 2018ApJ...856..126C presented SBF distances for 89 bright, mainly early-type galaxies observed in the Next Generation Virgo Cluster Survey. Here we present a refined calibration and SBF distances for 278 galaxies extending several magnitudes fainter than in previous work. The derived distances have uncertainties of 5%-12% depending on the properties of the individual galaxies, and our sample is more than 3 times larger than any previous SBF study of this region. Virgo has a famously complex structure with numerous subclusters, clouds, and groups; we associate individual galaxies with the various substructures and map their three-dimensional spatial distribution. Curiously, subcluster A, centered around M87, appears to have two peaks in distance: the main peak at ~16.5Mpc, and a smaller one at ~19.4Mpc. Subclusters B and C have distances of ~15.8Mpc. The W and W' groups form a filament-like structure, extending more than 15Mpc behind the cluster with a commensurate velocity increase of ~1000km/s along its length. These measurements are a valuable resource for future studies of the relationship between galaxy properties and local environment within a dynamic and evolving region.2024ApJ...966..145Chttps://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/cat/J/ApJ/966/145CatalogResearchIsServedByTAP VizieR generic serviceIsServedByConesearch servicerelated-toJ/AJ/90/1681 : The Virgo Cluster Catalog (VCC) (Binggeli+, 1985)J/ApJS/153/223 : ACS Virgo Cluster Survey. I. (Cote+, 2004)J/ApJ/655/144 : ACS Virgo Cluster Survey. XIII. (Mei+, 2007)J/A+A/552/A106 : NGC 1316 BVI images (Cantiello+, 2013)J/A+A/570/A69 : GALEX Ultraviolet Virgo Cluster Survey. IV. (Boselli+, 2014)J/ApJS/227/12 : NGVS XXV. Virgo globular clusters photometry (Powalka+, 2016)J/ApJ/878/18 : NGVS. XXIII. Nuclear star clusters (Sanchez-Janssen+, 2019)J/ApJ/890/128 : NGVS. XIV. Bona fide Virgo cluster members (Ferrarese+, 2020)J/ApJS/250/17 : NGVS. XXXIV. Ultracompact dwarf galaxies in Virgo (Liu+, 2020)J/A+A/653/A167 : Fornax3D PNe Catalogue (Spriggs+, 2021)J/ApJS/259/43 : Virgo filaments. II. Sp. gal. around Virgo (Castignani+, 2022)https://cds.unistra.fr/vizier-org/licences_vizier.htmlhttps://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJ/966/145https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJ/966/145http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJ/966/145https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJ/966/145https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJ/966/145http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJ/966/145GETtext/xml+votablehttps://tapvizier.cds.unistra.fr/TAPVizieR/tapCone search capability for table J/ApJ/966/145/galaxies (Targets (Table 1) with surface brightness fluctuation (SBF) measurements, colors and distances (Table 2))https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/966/145/galaxies?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/966/145/galaxies?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/966/145/galaxies?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true182.761372412.10399180.0055555555555555565/6928 6935 6941 6965 6976 6978-6979 6984 6986 7008-7009 6/26343 26346 26361-26362 26542 27718-27719 27721 27723-27725 27727-27728 27730-27731 27733-27736 27738-27739 27757 27763 27769 27771-27774 27856-27857 27859 27908 27910 27942-27943 27948-27949 27951 27960https://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/moc/J/ApJ/966/145?format=asciiOpticaldefaultJ/ApJ/966/145/galaxiesTargets (Table 1) with surface brightness fluctuation (SBF) measurements, colors and distances (Table 2)recnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintVCC[32/2095]? Virgo Cluster Catalog identifier (Binggeli+ 1985, J/AJ/90/1681)meta.idintnullableANameAlternative identifiermeta.idcharNGVSIAU name (NGVSJHH:MM:SS.ss+DD:MM:SS.s)meta.id;meta.maincharRAJ2000[182.7/193.3] Right Ascension (J2000)degpos.eq.ra;meta.mainDEJ2000[4.9/17.1] Declination (J2000)degpos.eq.dec;meta.mainBTmag[9.3/19.5] VCC total B_T_ band magnitudemagphot.mag;em.opt.BfloatE(B-V)[0.016/0.051] Galactic extinctionmagphot.color.excessfloatvHelio[-582/30000]? NED Heliocentric velocitykm/sphys.veloc;pos.heliocentricintnullableTType[-5/10]? Hyperleda Morphology type codemeta.code;src.morph.typefloatnullablee_TType[0.3/7]? Uncertainty in TTypestat.error;meta.code;src.morph.typefloatnullable(u-z)[1/2.97]? The CFHT (u*-z) color (1)magphot.color;em.opt.U;em.opt.IfloatnullableSimbadNameSimbad column added by the CDSmeta.idcharnullableNEDNED column added by the CDSmeta.ref.urlchare_(u-z)[0.001/0.6]? Uncertainty in (u*-z)magstat.error;phot.color;em.opt.Ufloatnullable(g-i)[0.37/1.12] The CFHT (g-i) color (1)magphot.color;em.opt.B;em.opt.Ifloate_(g-i)[0/0.21] Uncertainty in (g-i)magstat.error;phot.color;em.opt.Bfloat(g-z)[0.12/1.53] The CFHT (g-z) color (1)magphot.color;em.opt.B;em.opt.Ifloate_(g-z)[0/0.6] Uncertainty in (g-z)magstat.error;phot.color;em.opt.Bfloatimag[28/31.8] Apparent SBF CFHT i band AB magnitude; extinction corrected (1) (2)magstat.error;phot.mag;em.opt.Ifloate_imag[0.03/1.6] Uncertainty in imagmagstat.error;phot.magfloat(m-M)[30.29/32.92] Reference distance modulusmagphot.mag.distModfloate_(m-M)[0.068/1.9] Uncertainty in (m-M)magstat.errorfloatdRef[11.46/38.24] Reference distanceMpcpos.distancefloate_dRef[0.5/17.5] Uncertainty in dRefMpcstat.error;pos.distancefloatdMean[11.65/37.33] Mean distance (3)Mpcpos.distance;stat.meanfloate_dMean[0.5/17.2] Uncertainty in dMeanMpcstat.error;pos.distance;stat.meanfloatArea[0.01/15.51] Adopted galaxy projected areaarcmin**2phys.angSizefloatRad[2.9/179] Adopted galaxy median radiusarcsecphys.angSize;srcfloatQSBF quality classification flag (4)src.classchar