J/ApJ/964/166ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJ/964/166CDSKrahm G.Finn M.K.Indebetouw R.Johnson K.E.Kamenetzky J.Bemis A.2026-08-07T08:17:29Z2026-08-07T09:13:27ZCDS support team

CDS, Observatoire de Strasbourg, 11 rue de l'Universite, F-67000 Strasbourg, France

cds-question@unistra.frinteracting-galaxiesco-line-emissionmolecular-cloudsinterstellar-mediumAs the closest major galaxy merger and home to thousands of super star clusters (SSCs), the Antennae Galaxies (NGC 4038 and NGC 4039) are an important location to study the molecular clouds at sites of vigorous star formation. We cataloged giant molecular clouds (GMCs) in the region where the two galaxies overlap using high-resolution (~0.1"-10pc) Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array observations of the 12CO(2-1) and 13CO(2-1) emission lines. Of the 72 individual GMCs identified in the overlap region, 17 are within uncertainties of having the necessary mass, pressure, and size needed to form SSCs. Of those 17 GMCs, only one has significant ionizing radiation, indicating that the birth environments are likely still intact in the 16 other GMCs. We compared the physical properties calculated from 12CO(2-1) GMC data with observations of 10 other galaxies obtained using the same emission line and similar resolution. Compared to other sources in this sample, the GMCs from the Antennae, as well as in other starbursts and in the centers of galaxies, have the highest luminosities, surface densities, and turbulent pressures. The GMCs in starbursts and at the centers of galaxies also have large line widths, although the line widths in the Antennae are among the widest. These comparative results also indicate that the Antennae GMCs have the highest virial parameters despite their high densities.2024ApJ...964..166Khttps://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/cat/J/ApJ/964/166CatalogResearchIsServedByTAP VizieR generic serviceIsServedByConesearch servicerelated-toJ/AJ/109/960 : Young star clusters in The Antennae (Whitmore+ 1995)J/ApJ/559/864 : Extragalactic ultracompact H II regions (Johnson+, 2001)J/ApJ/671/333 : Aperture photometry in NGC 5194 (Kennicutt+, 2007)J/ApJ/654/240 : Giant molecular clouds in M31 (Rosolowsky+, 2007)J/ApJ/661/830 : Giant molecular clouds of M33 (Rosolowsky+, 2007)J/ApJ/699/1092 : Giant molecular clouds (SRBY) (Heyer+, 2009)J/AJ/140/75 : Antennae galaxies (NGC4038/4039) revisited (Whitmore+, 2010)J/ApJ/750/136 : Molecular clouds in the Antennae from CO(2-1) (Wei+, 2012)J/ApJ/774/73 : ALMA CO observations of 30 Dor (Indebetouw+, 2013)J/MNRAS/435/400 : ATLASGAL. Compact HII regions (Urquhart+, 2013)J/A+A/563/A97 : IRAM 30m reduced spectra of 59 sources (Gerner+, 2014)J/MNRAS/445/1412 : HII regions & GMC in the Antennae (Zaragoza-Cardiel+, 2014)J/ApJ/803/16 : GMCs in NGC4526 based on ^12^CO (Utomo+, 2015)J/ApJ/867/165 : CO mol. clumps in Henize 2-10 dwarf galaxy (Beck+, 2018)J/ApJ/864/120 : ALMA obs. toward NGC 5253. I. MoCs (Miura+, 2018)J/ApJ/876/141 : ALMA obs. of GMCs in Hen 2-10 (Imara+, 2019)https://cds.unistra.fr/vizier-org/licences_vizier.htmlhttps://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJ/964/166https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJ/964/166http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJ/964/166https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJ/964/166https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJ/964/166http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJ/964/166GETtext/xml+votablehttps://tapvizier.cds.unistra.fr/TAPVizieR/tapCone search capability for table J/ApJ/964/166/tablea1 (12CO(2-1) Clump properties)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/964/166/tablea1?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/964/166/tablea1?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/964/166/tablea1?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true180.477949167-18.8864444440.005555555555555556Cone search capability for table J/ApJ/964/166/tablea2 (13CO(2-1) Clump properties)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/964/166/tablea2?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/964/166/tablea2?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/964/166/tablea2?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true180.477929167-18.8864523890.005555555555555556Cone search capability for table J/ApJ/964/166/tablea3 (12CO(2-1) Dendrogram properties)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/964/166/tablea3?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/964/166/tablea3?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/964/166/tablea3?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true180.476831389-18.8865183330.005555555555555556Cone search capability for table J/ApJ/964/166/tablea4 (13CO(2-1) Dendrogram properties)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/964/166/tablea4?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/964/166/tablea4?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/964/166/tablea4?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true180.476835833-18.88651850.0055555555555555566/25344https://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/moc/J/ApJ/964/166?format=asciiRadiodefaultJ/ApJ/964/166/tablea112CO(2-1) Clump propertiesrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintSeq[1/72] Giant molecular cloud ID numbermeta.id;meta.mainintType[2] Type of structure (always 2: quickclump clump or dendrogram leaf)src.classintRAJ2000[12] Right ascension in hours (J2000)pos.eq.ra;meta.mainDEJ2000[18] Declination in degrees (J2000)pos.eq.dec;meta.mainSGMC[1/345] Supergiant molecular cloud to which GMC is a part as defined by Wilson+ 2000ApJ...542..120Wmeta.id.parentintLCO[78/7360000] CO luminosityK.pc**2.km.s**-1phys.luminosity;em.line.COdoublee_LCO[11/443] Uncertainty in LCOK.pc**2.km.s**-1stat.error;phys.luminosity;em.line.COfloatTpeak[1/35] Peak brightness temperature, CO maxKphys.temperature;stat.max;em.line.COfloatMlum[52700/2.12e+7] Luminous mass calculated with H2-to-CO conversion factorsolMassphys.massdoublee_Mlum[5270/2.12e+6] Uncertainty in MlumsolMassstat.error;phys.massdoubleLR[0.9/26.4] Line ratio from observed line to 12CO(1-0)spect.line.intensity;arith.ratiofloatsigV[2.4/48.1] Velocity dispersion, {sigma}_v_km/sphys.veloc.dispersionfloate_sigV[0.1/2.4] Uncertainty in sigVkm/sstat.error;phys.veloc.dispersionfloatmaj[6.4/66.5] Major axis of ellipse fitted to HWHM of clumppcphys.size.diameterfloatmin[1/47.8] Minor axis of ellipse fitted to HWHM of clumppcphys.sizefloatRad[0.5/85]? Radius, Rpcphys.size.radiusfloatnullablee_Rad[1.5/97]? Uncertainty in Radpcstat.error;phys.size.radiusfloatnullableArea[6/23500] Full areapc**2phys.areafloatPerim[103/1359] Perimeterpcsrc.morph.scLengthfloatSigma[53.8/499000]? Surface density {Sigma} using Mlum and RadsolMass.pc**-2phot.flux.density.sbdoublenullablee_Sigma[5.7/5.13e+8]? Uncertainty in SigmasolMass.pc**-2stat.error;phot.flux.density.sbdoublenullablePe[199000/2.84e+11]? Pressure as defined by Equation 13 (G1)K.cm**-3phys.pressuredoublenullablee_Pe[357000/1.55e+14]? Uncertainty in PeK.cm**-3stat.error;phys.pressuredoublenullablelogaVir[0.2/42.4]? Virial parameter as defined by Equation 12 (a_vir_= (R{sgima}_v_^2^R)/GM)phys.mass;arith.ratiofloatnullablee_logaVir[0.2/42]? Uncertainty in alphavirstat.errorfloatnullableMLTE[59500/11400000]? Local thermodynamic equilibrium (LTE) mass (only for Table A1)solMassphys.massdoublenullableTex[13.26/25.22]? Excitation temperature (only for Table A1)Kphys.excitParam;phys.temperaturefloatnullableJ/ApJ/964/166/tablea213CO(2-1) Clump propertiessigV[2.4/48.1] Velocity dispersion, {sigma}_v_km/sphys.veloc.dispersionfloate_sigV[0.1/2.4] Uncertainty in sigVkm/sstat.error;phys.veloc.dispersionfloatmaj[6.4/66.5] Major axis of ellipse fitted to HWHM of clumppcphys.size.diameterfloatmin[1/47.8] Minor axis of ellipse fitted to HWHM of clumppcphys.sizefloatRad[0.5/85]? Radius, Rpcphys.size.radiusfloatnullablee_Rad[1.5/97]? Uncertainty in Radpcstat.error;phys.size.radiusfloatnullableArea[6/23500] Full areapc**2phys.areafloatPerim[103/1359] Perimeterpcsrc.morph.scLengthfloatSigma[53.8/499000]? Surface density {Sigma} using Mlum and RadsolMass.pc**-2phot.flux.density.sbdoublenullablee_Sigma[5.7/5.13e+8]? Uncertainty in SigmasolMass.pc**-2stat.error;phot.flux.density.sbdoublenullablePe[199000/2.84e+11]? Pressure as defined by Equation 13 (G1)K.cm**-3phys.pressuredoublenullablee_Pe[357000/1.55e+14]? Uncertainty in PeK.cm**-3stat.error;phys.pressuredoublenullablelogaVir[0.2/42.4]? Virial parameter as defined by Equation 12 (a_vir_= (R{sgima}_v_^2^R)/GM)phys.mass;arith.ratiofloatnullablee_logaVir[0.2/42]? Uncertainty in alphavirstat.errorfloatnullableMLTE[59500/11400000]? Local thermodynamic equilibrium (LTE) mass (only for Table A1)solMassphys.massdoublenullableTex[13.26/25.22]? Excitation temperature (only for Table A1)Kphys.excitParam;phys.temperaturefloatnullablerecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintSeq[1/72] Giant molecular cloud ID numbermeta.id;meta.mainintType[2] Type of structure (always 2: quickclump clump or dendrogram leaf)src.classintRAJ2000[12] Right ascension in hours (J2000)pos.eq.ra;meta.mainDEJ2000[18] Declination in degrees (J2000)pos.eq.dec;meta.mainSGMC[1/345] Supergiant molecular cloud to which GMC is a part as defined by Wilson+ 2000ApJ...542..120Wmeta.id.parentintLCO[78/7360000] CO luminosityK.pc**2.km.s**-1phys.luminosity;em.line.COdoublee_LCO[11/443] Uncertainty in LCOK.pc**2.km.s**-1stat.error;phys.luminosity;em.line.COfloatTpeak[1/35] Peak brightness temperature, CO maxKphys.temperature;stat.max;em.line.COfloatMlum[52700/2.12e+7] Luminous mass calculated with H2-to-CO conversion factorsolMassphys.massdoublee_Mlum[5270/2.12e+6] Uncertainty in MlumsolMassstat.error;phys.massdoubleLR[0.9/26.4] Line ratio from observed line to 12CO(1-0)spect.line.intensity;arith.ratiofloatJ/ApJ/964/166/tablea312CO(2-1) Dendrogram propertiesrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintSeq[0/205] Giant Molecular Cloud ID numbermeta.id;meta.mainintType[0/2]? Type of structure (1)src.classintnullableRAJ2000[12] Right ascension in hours (J2000)pos.eq.ra;meta.mainLR[0.9/26.4] Line ratio from observed line to 12CO (1-0)spect.line.intensity;arith.ratiofloatsigV[2.7/132]? Velocity dispersion, {sigma}_v_km/sphys.veloc.dispersionfloatnullablee_sigV[0.07/9.2]? Uncertainty in sigVkm/sstat.error;phys.veloc.dispersiondoublenullablemaj[5.8/259.2] Major axis of ellipse fitted to HWHM of clumppcphys.size.diameterfloatmin[4.7/218] Minor axis of ellipse fitted to HWHM of clumppcphys.sizefloatRad[2.7/263]? Radius, Rpcphys.size.radiusfloatnullablee_Rad[1.6/151.1]? Uncertainty in Radpcstat.error;phys.size.radiusdoublenullableArea[2/189000] Full areapc**2phys.areadoublePerim[23/6705] Perimeterpcsrc.morph.scLengthfloatSigma[47/67700]? Surface density {Sigma} using Mlum and RsolMass.pc**-2phys.densitydoublenullablee_Sigma[1/983000]? Uncertainty in SigmasolMass.pc**-2stat.error;phot.flux.density.sbdoublenullablePe[10/7.9e+8]? Pressure as defined by Equation 13 (G1)K.cm**-3phys.pressuredoublenullablee_Pe[101000/9.41e+11]? Uncertainty in PeK.cm**-3stat.error;phys.pressuredoublenullablelogaVir[0.2/56.3]? Virial parameter as defined by Equation 12 (a_vir_= (R{sgima}_v_^2^R)/GM)phys.mass;arith.ratiofloatnullablee_logaVir[0.1/80]? Uncertainty in logaVirstat.errorfloatnullableMLTE[28000/77000000]? Local thermodynamic equilibrium (LTE) mass (only for Table A3)solMassphys.massdoublenullableTex[10.84/30.41]? Excitation temperature (only for Table A3)Kphys.excitParam;phys.temperaturefloatnullableDEJ2000[18] Declination in degrees (J2000)pos.eq.dec;meta.mainSGMC[1/345] SGMC to which GMC is a part as defined by Wilson+ 2000ApJ...542..120Wmeta.id.parentintLCO[78/5.73e+7] CO luminosityK.pc**2.km.s**-1phys.luminosity;em.line.COdoublee_LCO[2/1105] Uncertainty in LCOK.pc**2.km.s**-1stat.error;phys.luminosity;em.line.COfloatTpeak[1/34.8] Peak brightness temperatureKphys.temperature;stat.max;em.line.COfloatMlum[27300/1.62e+8] Luminous mass calculated with H2-to-CO conversion factorsolMassphys.massdoublee_Mlum[55/1.62e+7] Uncertainty in MlumsolMassstat.error;phys.massdoubleJ/ApJ/964/166/tablea413CO(2-1) Dendrogram propertiesrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintSeq[0/205] Giant Molecular Cloud ID numbermeta.id;meta.mainintType[0/2]? Type of structure (1)src.classintnullableRAJ2000[12] Right ascension in hours (J2000)pos.eq.ra;meta.mainDEJ2000[18] Declination in degrees (J2000)pos.eq.dec;meta.mainSGMC[1/345] SGMC to which GMC is a part as defined by Wilson+ 2000ApJ...542..120Wmeta.id.parentintLCO[78/5.73e+7] CO luminosityK.pc**2.km.s**-1phys.luminosity;em.line.COdoublee_LCO[2/1105] Uncertainty in LCOK.pc**2.km.s**-1stat.error;phys.luminosity;em.line.COfloatTpeak[1/34.8] Peak brightness temperatureKphys.temperature;stat.max;em.line.COfloatMlum[27300/1.62e+8] Luminous mass calculated with H2-to-CO conversion factorsolMassphys.massdoublee_Mlum[55/1.62e+7] Uncertainty in MlumsolMassstat.error;phys.massdoubleLR[0.9/26.4] Line ratio from observed line to 12CO (1-0)spect.line.intensity;arith.ratiofloatsigV[2.7/132]? Velocity dispersion, {sigma}_v_km/sphys.veloc.dispersionfloatnullablee_sigV[0.07/9.2]? Uncertainty in sigVkm/sstat.error;phys.veloc.dispersiondoublenullablemaj[5.8/259.2] Major axis of ellipse fitted to HWHM of clumppcphys.size.diameterfloatmin[4.7/218] Minor axis of ellipse fitted to HWHM of clumppcphys.sizefloatRad[2.7/263]? Radius, Rpcphys.size.radiusfloatnullablee_Rad[1.6/151.1]? Uncertainty in Radpcstat.error;phys.size.radiusdoublenullableArea[2/189000] Full areapc**2phys.areadoublePerim[23/6705] Perimeterpcsrc.morph.scLengthfloatSigma[47/67700]? Surface density {Sigma} using Mlum and RsolMass.pc**-2phys.densitydoublenullablee_Sigma[1/983000]? Uncertainty in SigmasolMass.pc**-2stat.error;phot.flux.density.sbdoublenullablePe[10/7.9e+8]? Pressure as defined by Equation 13 (G1)K.cm**-3phys.pressuredoublenullablee_Pe[101000/9.41e+11]? Uncertainty in PeK.cm**-3stat.error;phys.pressuredoublenullablelogaVir[0.2/56.3]? Virial parameter as defined by Equation 12 (a_vir_= (R{sgima}_v_^2^R)/GM)phys.mass;arith.ratiofloatnullablee_logaVir[0.1/80]? Uncertainty in logaVirstat.errorfloatnullableMLTE[28000/77000000]? Local thermodynamic equilibrium (LTE) mass (only for Table A3)solMassphys.massdoublenullableTex[10.84/30.41]? Excitation temperature (only for Table A3)Kphys.excitParam;phys.temperaturefloatnullable