J/ApJ/962/13ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJ/962/13CDSChen LiQin S.-L.Liu T.Liu H.-L.Liu S.-Y.Liu M.Shi H.Li C.,Tang M.Zhang T.Tatematsu K.Li X.Xu F.Wu Y.Yang D.2026-06-01T07:53:31Z2026-06-01T08:07:49ZCDS support team

CDS, Observatoire de Strasbourg, 11 rue de l'Universite, F-67000 Strasbourg, France

cds-question@unistra.frradio-continuum-emissionradio-astronomyinterstellar-mediummolecular-physicsmillimeter-astronomysubmillimeter-astronomystar-forming-regionsInvestigating the temperature and density structures of gas in massive protoclusters is crucial for understanding the chemical properties therein. In this study, we present observations of the continuum and thioformaldehyde (H_2_CS) lines at 345GHz of 11 massive protoclusters using the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array telescope. High spatial resolution and sensitivity observations have detected 145 continuum cores from the 11 sources. H2CS line transitions are observed in 72 out of 145 cores, including line-rich cores, warm cores, and cold cores. The H2 column densities of the 72 cores are estimated from the continuum emission, which are larger than the density threshold value for star formation, suggesting that H2CS can be widely distributed in star-forming cores with different physical environments. The rotation temperature and column density of H2CS are derived using the XCLASS software. The results show that the H2CS abundances increase as temperature rises and higher gas temperatures are usually associated with higher H2CS column densities. The abundances of H2CS are positively correlated with its column density, suggesting that the H2CS abundances are enhanced from cold cores, warm cores, and line-rich cores in star-forming regions.2024ApJ...962...13Chttps://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/cat/J/ApJ/962/13CatalogResearchIsServedByTAP VizieR generic serviceIsServedByConesearch servicerelated-toJ/A+A/291/943 : Protostellar cores (Ossenkopf+, 1994)J/A+AS/115/81 : A CS(2-1) survey of UC HII regions (Bronfman+, 1996)J/A+A/426/97 : SIMBA survey. 1.2-mm/IRAS sources (Faundez+, 2004)J/A+A/487/993 : MAMBO Mapping of c2d Clouds and Cores (Kauffmann+, 2008)J/A+A/604/A6 : SgrB2 ALMA continuum & spectral index (Sanchez-Monge+, 2017)J/A+A/598/A30 : Massive star forming molecular clumps Tkin (Tang+, 2017)J/MNRAS/473/1059 : Complete sample of Gal. clump properties (Urquhart+, 2018)J/A+A/625/A147 : 80-116GHz spectrum of L483 (Agundez+, 2019)J/A+A/621/A143 : Isotopic H_2_CS laboratory sp. study (Mueller+, 2019)J/A+A/632/A83 : NGC 6334 filament with ALMA (Shimajiri+, 2019)J/MNRAS/496/2790 : ATOMS I Description & first look at G9.62+0.19 (Liu+, 2020)J/A+A/633/A7 : IRAS 16293-2422 spectral cubes (van't Hoff+, 2020)J/A+A/648/A66 : CORE high-mass star-forming regions (Gieser+, 2021)J/MNRAS/505/2801 : ATOMS Paper III, massive star-forming regions (Liu+, 2021)J/A+A/651/A9 : HIFI molecular line survey of SgrB2 (M) (Moeller+, 2021)https://cds.unistra.fr/vizier-org/licences_vizier.htmlhttps://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJ/962/13https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJ/962/13http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJ/962/13https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJ/962/13https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJ/962/13http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJ/962/13GETtext/xml+votablehttps://tapvizier.cds.unistra.fr/TAPVizieR/tapCone search capability for table J/ApJ/962/13/table1 (Physics parameters of the targets in the observations)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/962/13/table1?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/962/13/table1?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/962/13/table1?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true220.5115-60.509750.005555555555555556Cone search capability for table J/ApJ/962/13/tablea1 (2D Gaussian fit results)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/962/13/tablea1?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/962/13/tablea1?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/962/13/tablea1?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true220.515-60.5028890.0055555555555555566/41763 41778 42159 42211 42224 42450-42451 42497-42498https://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/moc/J/ApJ/962/13?format=asciiMillimeterRadiodefaultJ/ApJ/962/13/table1Physics parameters of the targets in the observationsrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintSeq[1/11] Running sequence numbermeta.idintIRASIRAS name (IHHMMm+DDMM; B1950) (1)meta.id;meta.maincharprimaryRAJ2000Hour of right ascension (J2000)pos.eq.ra;meta.mainDEJ2000Degree of declination (J2000)pos.eq.dec;meta.mainSimbadSimbad column added by the CDSmeta.ref.urlcharVlsr[-93.7/-18.2] Local Standard of Rest velocity (2)km/sphys.veloc;pos.lsrfloatDist[2.7/10.1] Distance (3)kpcpos.distancefloatRGC[1.3/6.4] Galactocentric distance, R_GC_ (3)kpcpos.distance;pos.galactocentricfloatRad[0.6/2.41] Radius calculated using effective angular radii and the distancespcphys.size.radiusfloatTdust[23.1/32.2] Averaged dust temperature from SED fitsKphys.temperaturefloatlogLbol[4.2/5.8] Log of bolometric luminosity from SED fitslog(solLum)phys.luminosityfloatlogMcl[2.9/4.3] Log of clump mass estimated using the Hildebrand (1983QJRAS..24..267H) methodlog(solMass)phys.massfloatNcNumber of cores for this target (link to Table A1)meta.numberintnullableNemNumber of cores with H2CS emissions for this target (link to Table 2)meta.numberintnullableAGALDisplay data from Urquhart+ 2018, J/MNRAS/473/1059meta.ref.urlcharJ/ApJ/962/13/table2Parameters of fitted H2CS molecules among detected coresIRASIRAS source identifier (as in Table 1)meta.id.parentcharrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintID[1/72] Running index source number (1)meta.idintf_ID[d] d: cores with two velocity components (1)meta.codecharCore[1/21] Extracted core identifiermeta.id;meta.maininttheta[0.59/3.04] Deconvolved source sizearcsecphys.angSizefloatTH2CS[23/121] Fitted H_2_CS rotational temperatureKphys.temperature;phys.mol.rotationinte_TH2CS[1/18] Uncertainty in TH2CSKstat.error;phys.temperature;phys.mol.rotationintNH2CS[41000000000000/3.6e+16] Fitted H_2_CS column densitycm**-2phys.columnDensity;meta.modelledfloate_NH2CS[2000000000000/1.2e+16] Uncertainty in NH2CScm**-2stat.error;phys.columnDensity;meta.modelledfloatFWHM[0.7/8.7] Fitted H_2_CS line full-width at half-maximumkm/sspect.line.widthfloatVoff[-97.4/-16.9] Fitted H_2_CS velocity offsetkm/sphys.veloc;arith.difffloatTypeCore type (2)meta.codecharTCH3OCHO[70/170]? Li+ 2023, ApJ subm. fitted CH_3_OCHO rotational temperatureKphys.temperature;phys.mol.rotationintnullablee_TCH3OCHO[2/39]? Uncertainty in TCH3OCHOKstat.error;phys.temperature;phys.mol.rotationintnullableNH2[0.1/15.7]? Peak H_2_ column density1e+23cm**-2phys.columnDensity;stat.maxfloatnullablee_NH2[0.0/2.1]? Uncertainty in NH21e+23cm**-2stat.error;phys.columnDensityfloatnullablefH2CS[2.1e-10/1.6e-07]? H_2_CS abundance relative to H_2_phys.abund;arith.ratiofloatnullablee_fH2CS[6e-11/3e-08]? Uncertainty in fH2CSstat.error;phys.abund;arith.ratiofloatnullableJ/ApJ/962/13/tablea12D Gaussian fit resultsIRASIRAS source identifier (as in Table 1) (1)meta.id.parentcharRAJ2000[14/17] Hour of Right Ascension (J2000)pos.eq.ra;meta.mainDEJ2000[36/60] Degree of Declination (J2000)pos.eq.dec;meta.mainMajAxis[0.7/4.1] Semi-major axisarcsecphys.angSize.smajAxisfloatMinAxis[0.3/2.5] Semi-minor axisarcsecphys.angSize.sminAxisfloatPA[0/180] Position angledegpos.posAngintMass[0.3/263.1] Source masssolMassphys.massfloate_Mass[0.1/25.7] Uncertainty in MasssolMassstat.error;phys.massfloatIFlux[10/6990] Integrated flux densitymJyphot.flux.density;em.mm.400-750GHzinte_IFlux[1/880] Uncertainty in IFluxmJystat.error;phot.flux.density;em.mm.400-750GHzintPInt[2/1530] Peak intensitymJy/beamphot.flux.density;em.mm.400-750GHzinte_PInt[1/160] Uncertainty in PIntmJy/beamstat.error;phot.flux.density;em.mm.400-750GHzintrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintID[1/145] Running index source numbermeta.idintCore[1/27] Extracted core identifiermeta.id;meta.mainintNote[*] Note (2)meta.notecharH2CSDisplay the H2CS results if any (link to Table 2)meta.ref.urlintnullable