J/ApJ/960/62ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJ/960/62doi:10.26093/cds/vizier/ba-y0-1yCDSEngle S.G.2026-07-02T12:01:13Z2026-01-05T08:02:50ZCDS support team

CDS, Observatoire de Strasbourg, 11 rue de l'Universite, F-67000 Strasbourg, France

cds-question@unistra.frdwarf-starsvariable-starsm-starsstellar-agesx-ray-sourcesultraviolet-astronomyThe vast majority of stars in the nearby stellar neighborhood are M dwarfs. Their low masses and luminosities result in slow rates of nuclear evolution and minimal changes to the stars' observable properties, even along astronomical timescales. However, they possess relatively powerful magnetic dynamos and resulting X-ray to UV (X-UV) activity, compared to their bolometric luminosities. This magnetic activity does undergo an observable decline over time, potentially making it a key age determinant for M dwarfs. Observing this activity is important for studying the outer atmospheres of these stars, but also for comparing the behaviors of different spectral type subsets of M dwarfs; e.g., those with partially versus fully convective interiors. Beyond stellar astrophysics, understanding the X-UV activity of M dwarfs over time is a key component when studying the atmospheres and habitability of any hosted exoplanets. Earth-sized exoplanets, in particular, are more commonly found orbiting M dwarfs than any other stellar type, and thermal escape (driven by the M dwarf X-UV activity) is believed to be the dominant atmospheric loss mechanism for these planets. Utilizing recently calibrated M dwarf age-rotation relationships, also constructed as part of the Living with a Red Dwarf program, we have analyzed the evolution of M dwarf activity over time, in terms of coronal (X-ray), chromospheric (Ly{alpha|, and CaII), and overall X-UV (5-1700{AA}) emissions. The activity-age relationships presented here will be useful for studying exoplanet habitability and atmospheric loss, and also for studying the different dynamo and outer atmospheric heating mechanisms at work in M dwarfs.2024ApJ...960...62Ehttps://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/cat/J/ApJ/960/62CatalogResearchIsServedByTAP VizieR generic serviceIsServedByConesearch servicehttps://cds.unistra.fr/vizier-org/licences_vizier.htmlhttps://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJ/960/62https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJ/960/62http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJ/960/62https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJ/960/62https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJ/960/62http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJ/960/62GETtext/xml+votablehttps://tapvizier.cds.unistra.fr/TAPVizieR/tapCone search capability for table J/ApJ/960/62/table2 (Early M Dwarf X-Ray Data)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/960/62/table2?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/960/62/table2?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/960/62/table2?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true63.380480825.17705390.005555555555555556Cone search capability for table J/ApJ/960/62/table3 (Mid-Late M Dwarf X-Ray Data)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/960/62/table3?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/960/62/table3?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/960/62/table3?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true119.5020833-60.77666670.005555555555555556Cone search capability for table J/ApJ/960/62/table4 (Early M Dwarf Ly{alpha} Data)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/960/62/table4?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/960/62/table4?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/960/62/table4?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true311.2897186-31.34089940.005555555555555556Cone search capability for table J/ApJ/960/62/table5 (Mid-Late M Dwarf Ly{alpha} Data)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/960/62/table5?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/960/62/table5?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/960/62/table5?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true154.9011719.87000280.005555555555555556Cone search capability for table J/ApJ/960/62/table6 (Early M Dwarf CaII Data)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/960/62/table6?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/960/62/table6?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/960/62/table6?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true38.5940258-43.79635250.005555555555555556Cone search capability for table J/ApJ/960/62/table7 (Mid-Late M Dwarf CaII Data)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/960/62/table7?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/960/62/table7?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/960/62/table7?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true56.658333324.17805560.0055555555555555566/22 280 309 339-340 463 796 838 850 867 965 1067 1079 1133 1159 1199 1205 1212 1264 1559-1560 1611 1791 1890 1896 2321 2335 2422 2468 2494 2534 2737 2747 2793 2800 2974 3031 3266 3715 3766 4444 4651 5119 5387 5420 5488 5532 5534 5590 5819 5822 5927 6231 6295 6384 6543 6599 6606 6836 6850 7202 7264 7471 7611 7810 8170 8440 8627 8733 8739 8915 9168 9281 9294 9311 9599 9681 9683 9687 9689 9712 9844 9923 9954 10016 10035 10146 10149 10225 10464 10481 10626 10683 10893 10905 11044 12157 12683 12814 12865 13157 13536 13541 13548 13625 13713 13743 13792 13855 14159 14935 15052 15062 16391 16941 17019 17058 17490-17491 17813 18036 18440 18496 18588 18634 18666 18761 19064 19466 19668 19776 20100 20109 20291 20733 20795 20896 21953 22289 22309 22645 22807 22873 22878 22964 23094 23539 23548 23731 23857 24004 24040 24053 24227 24288 24313 24522 24713 24816 25084 25374 25954 25989 26555 26560 26583 26972 27004 27201 27392 27706 27734 28341 28494 28548 28646 28711 28955 29791 29939 30146 30429 30505 30771 30893 31014 31216 31781 32015 32104 32234 32259 32319 32491 32500 32650 32699 33199 33324 33850 33966 34181 34767 35150 36060 36483 36511 36555 36732 37073 37592 37865 38381 38464 38551 39585 40250 40402 41324 41591 42101 42290 42459 42528 42652 42784 42950 43187 43985 44371 44658 44919 44921-44922 44960 45269 45322 45607 45803 45967 46566 46632 46922 47347 48274 48423 48500 48906 48936https://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/moc/J/ApJ/960/62?format=asciiX-rayUVdefaultJ/ApJ/960/62/table2Early M Dwarf X-Ray DatarecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintFlagFlag (1)meta.code.errorcharObjectObject Namemeta.id;meta.maincharONameOther Namemeta.idcharProt? Rotational Period, daysdtime.periodfloatnullablee_Prot? Uncertainty in Protdstat.errorfloatnullableSimbadSimbad column added by the CDSmeta.ref.urlcharr_ProtReference for Prot (2)meta.ref;pos.framecharlogAgelog, Agelog(Gyr)time.agefloate_logAgeUncertainty in logAgelog(Gyr)stat.error;time.agefloatlogLXlog, X-ray luminosity (in ergs/s)log(1e-07W)phys.luminosity;em.X-rayfloate_logLXUncertainty in logLx (in ergs/s)log(1e-07W)stat.errorfloatLX/LbolRatio, X-ray to bolometric luminosityphys.luminosity;arith.ratiofloate_LX/LbolUncertainty in Lx/Lbolstat.errorfloatXrayRefReference for X-ray measurement(s) (3)meta.bibchar_RARight Ascension (J2000) from SIMBAD (not part of the original data)degpos.eq.ra;meta.main_DEDeclination (J2000) from SIMBAD (not part of the original data)degpos.eq.dec;meta.mainJ/ApJ/960/62/table3Mid-Late M Dwarf X-Ray DataSimbadSimbad column added by the CDSmeta.ref.urlcharrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintFlagFlag (1)meta.code.errorcharObjectObject Namemeta.id;meta.maincharONameOther Namemeta.idcharProt? Rotational Period, daysdtime.periodfloatnullablee_Prot? Uncertainty in Protdstat.errorfloatnullabler_ProtReference for Prot (2)meta.ref;pos.framecharlogAgelog, Agelog(Gyr)time.agefloate_logAgeUncertainty in logAgelog(Gyr)stat.error;time.agefloatlogLXlog, X-ray luminosity (in ergs/s)log(1e-07W)phys.luminosity;em.X-rayfloate_logLXUncertainty in logLx (in ergs/s)log(1e-07W)stat.errorfloatLX/LbolRatio, X-ray to bolometric luminosityphys.luminosity;arith.ratiofloate_LX/LbolUncertainty in Lx/Lbolstat.errorfloatXrayRefReference for X-ray measurement(s) (3)meta.bibchar_RARight Ascension (J2000) from SIMBAD (not part of the original data)degpos.eq.ra;meta.main_DEDeclination (J2000) from SIMBAD (not part of the original data)degpos.eq.dec;meta.mainJ/ApJ/960/62/table4Early M Dwarf Ly{alpha} Datae_ProtUncertainty in Protdstat.errorfloatlogAgelog, Age in Gyrlog(Gyr)time.agefloat_RARight Ascension (J2000) from SIMBAD (not part of the original data)degpos.eq.ra;meta.main_DEDeclination (J2000) from SIMBAD (not part of the original data)degpos.eq.dec;meta.mainr_ProtReference of Prot (2)meta.ref;pos.framecharSimbadSimbad column added by the CDSmeta.ref.urlcharrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintFlagFlag (1)meta.code.errorcharObjectObject Namemeta.id;meta.maincharONameOther Namemeta.idcharProtRotational Perioddtime.perioddoublee_logAgeUncertainty in logAgelog(Gyr)stat.error;time.agefloatlog(Lya/Lbol)log, Lyman-{alpha} 1216{AA} luminosity,phys.luminosity;arith.ratiofloate_log(Lya/Lbol)Uncertainty in logLyastat.errorfloatJ/ApJ/960/62/table5Mid-Late M Dwarf Ly{alpha} DatarecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintFlagFlag (1)meta.code.errorcharObjectObject Namemeta.id;meta.maincharSimbadSimbad column added by the CDSmeta.ref.urlcharONameOther Namemeta.idcharProtRotational Perioddtime.perioddoublee_ProtUncertainty in Protdstat.errorfloatr_ProtReference of Prot (2)meta.ref;pos.framecharlogAgelog, Age in Gyrlog(Gyr)time.agefloate_logAgeUncertainty in logAgelog(Gyr)stat.error;time.agefloatlog(Lya/Lbol)log, Lyman-{alpha} 1216{AA} luminosity,phys.luminosity;arith.ratiofloate_log(Lya/Lbol)Uncertainty in logLyastat.errorfloat_RARight Ascension (J2000) from SIMBAD (not part of the original data)degpos.eq.ra;meta.main_DEDeclination (J2000) from SIMBAD (not part of the original data)degpos.eq.dec;meta.mainJ/ApJ/960/62/table6Early M Dwarf CaII DataSimbadSimbad column added by the CDSmeta.ref.urlchar_DEDeclination (J2000) from SIMBAD (not part of the original data)degpos.eq.dec;meta.mainrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintFlagFlag (1)meta.code.errorcharObjectObject Namemeta.id;meta.maincharONameOther Namemeta.idcharProt? Rotational Perioddtime.periodfloatnullablee_Prot? Uncertainty in Protdstat.errorfloatnullabler_ProtReferences for Prot (2)meta.ref;pos.framecharlogAgelog, Agelog(Gyr)time.agefloate_logAgeUncertainty in logAgelog(Gyr)stat.error;time.agefloatlogRHKlog, R'_HK_ activity indicatorphot.flux;arith.ratiofloate_logRHKUncertainty in logRHK (3)stat.errorfloat_RARight Ascension (J2000) from SIMBAD (not part of the original data)degpos.eq.ra;meta.mainJ/ApJ/960/62/table7Mid-Late M Dwarf CaII DatarecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintFlagFlag (1)meta.code.errorcharObjectObject Namemeta.id;meta.maincharONameOther Namemeta.idcharProt? Rotational Perioddtime.periodfloatnullableSimbadSimbad column added by the CDSmeta.ref.urlchare_Prot? Uncertainty in Protdstat.errorfloatnullabler_ProtReferences for Prot (2)meta.ref;pos.framecharlogAgelog, Agelog(Gyr)time.agefloate_logAgeUncertainty in logAgelog(Gyr)stat.error;time.agefloatlogRHKlog, R'_HK_ activity indicatorphot.flux;arith.ratiofloate_logRHKUncertainty in logRHK (3)stat.errorfloat_RARight Ascension (J2000) from SIMBAD (not part of the original data)degpos.eq.ra;meta.main_DEDeclination (J2000) from SIMBAD (not part of the original data)degpos.eq.dec;meta.main