J/ApJ/959/102ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJ/959/102doi:10.26093/cds/vizier/ba-xz-36CDSDorn-Wallenstein T.Z.Neugent K.F.Levesque E.M.2026-07-02T12:01:05Z2026-02-24T08:10:38ZCDS support team

CDS, Observatoire de Strasbourg, 11 rue de l'Universite, F-67000 Strasbourg, France

cds-question@unistra.freffective-temperaturesupergiant-starsmagellanic-cloudsvisible-astronomyspectroscopyCharacterizing the physical properties of cool supergiants allows us to probe the final stages of a massive star's evolution before it undergoes core collapse. Despite their importance, the fundamental properties of these stars --logTeff and logL/L_{sun}_-- are only known for a limited number of objects. The third data release of the Gaia mission contains precise photometry and low-resolution spectroscopy of hundreds of cool supergiants in the LMC with well-constrained properties. Using these data, we train a simple and easily interpretable machine-learning model to regress effective temperatures and luminosities with high accuracy and precision comparable to the training data. We then apply our model to 5000 cool supergiants, many of which have no previously published Teff or L estimates. The resulting Hertzprung-Russell diagram is well populated, allowing us to study the distribution of cool supergiants in great detail. Examining the luminosity functions of our sample, we find a notable flattening in the luminosity function of yellow supergiants above logL/L_{sun}_=5, and a corresponding steepening of the red supergiant luminosity function. We place this finding in context with previous results and present its implications for the infamous red supergiant problem.2023ApJ...959..102Dhttps://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/cat/J/ApJ/959/102CatalogResearchIsServedByTAP VizieR generic serviceIsServedByConesearch servicerelated-toII/246 : 2MASS All-Sky Catalog of Point Sources (Cutri+ 2003)I/347 : Distances to 1.33 billion stars in Gaia DR2 (Bailer-Jones+, 2018)I/352 : Distances to 1.47 billion stars in Gaia EDR3 (Bailer-Jones+, 2021)I/355 : Gaia DR3 Part 1. Main source (Gaia Collaboration, 2022)I/357 : Gaia DR3 Part 3. Non-single stars (Gaia Collaboration, 2022)J/A+A/363/L1 : The distance modulus of the LMC (Kovacs, 2000)J/ApJ/703/441 : Yellow supergiants in M31 (Drout+, 2009)J/MNRAS/395/1409 : Type II-P SN progenitor constraints (Smartt+, 2009)J/ApJ/719/1784 : Yellow supergiants in the SMC (Neugent+, 2010)J/AJ/142/103 : Cool evolved stars in SAGE-SMC and SAGE-LMC (Boyer+, 2011)J/ApJ/750/97 : The yellow and red supergiants of M33 (Drout+, 2012)J/A+A/537/A146 : Stellar models with rot. 0.8<M<120, Z=0.014 (Ekstrom+, 2012)J/ApJ/759/11 : Wolf-Rayet content of M31 (Neugent+, 2012)J/ApJ/749/177 : Yellow and red supergiants in the LMC (Neugent+, 2012)J/A+A/558/A103 : Stellar models with rot. 0.8<M<120, Z=0.002 (Georgy+, 2013)J/ApJ/825/50 : Var. stars in M31 & M33. III. YSGs & RSGs (Gordon+, 2016)J/A+A/618/A137 : MC cool supergiants spectra (Dorda+, 2018)J/A+A/616/A12 : Gaia DR2 sources in GC and dSph (Gaia Collaboration+, 2018)J/A+A/616/A175 : Red supergiant stars in the LMC. II. (Yang+, 2018)J/A+A/627/A24 : Stellar models with rot. 1.7<M<120, Z=0.0004 (Groh+, 2019)J/A+A/629/A91 : A source catalog for the SMC (Yang+, 2019)J/ApJ/902/24 : Evolved stars with TESS. II. (Dorn-Wallenstein+, 2020)J/ApJ/900/118 : RSGs in LMC & sp. follow-up for LMC & SMC (Neugent+, 2020)J/ApJ/889/44 : UKIRT obs. of red supergiants in M31 (Neugent+, 2020)J/ApJ/913/32 : Classif. from Gaia & WISE data (Dorn-Wallenstein+, 2021)J/ApJ/922/177 : 2MASS red supergiants in the SMC (Massey+, 2021)J/AJ/161/79 : Red supergiant stars in M31 and M33 (Massey+, 2021)J/A+A/646/A141 : A source catalog for the LMC (Yang+, 2021)J/ApJ/931/157 : UV-to-NIR sp. of 8 Wolf-Rayet stars in LMC (Aadland+, 2022)J/ApJ/940/27 : Pulsator supergiants in the MCs (Dorn-Wallenstein+, 2022)J/A+A/666/A122 : M31/M33 sources with known spectral type (Maravelias+, 2022)J/ApJ/942/69 : Red supergiants in M31, M33, SMC and LMC (Massey+, 2023)https://cds.unistra.fr/vizier-org/licences_vizier.htmlhttps://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJ/959/102https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJ/959/102http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJ/959/102https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJ/959/102https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJ/959/102http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJ/959/102GETtext/xml+votablehttps://tapvizier.cds.unistra.fr/TAPVizieR/tapCone search capability for table J/ApJ/959/102/tableb1 (Temperatures and luminosities for 6146 AFGKM supergiants)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/959/102/tableb1?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/959/102/tableb1?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/959/102/tableb1?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true76.48129780046-67.886370274680.0055555555555555564/2068-2069 5/8262-8263 8268-8269 8280-8281 6/33042-33043 33046-33047 33080-33082 33084-33085 33128-33129 33132 33136-33138 33140 37536 37538 37544 37546 38912https://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/moc/J/ApJ/959/102?format=asciiOpticaldefaultJ/ApJ/959/102/tableb1Temperatures and luminosities for 6146 AFGKM supergiantsrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintGaiaGaia DR3 source IDmeta.id;meta.mainlogTeff[3.3/4.4] Log effective temperaturelog(K)phys.temperature.effectivefloatlogL[3/5.72] Log luminositylog(solLum)phys.luminosityfloatRef[NY] Source of known stellar properties (1)meta.bibcharQual[0/2]? Quality of predicted values (2)meta.code.qualintnullableY21Display data from Yang+ 2021, J/A+A/646/A141 within 1.5"meta.ref.urlintnullableN12Display data from Neugent+ 2012, J/ApJ/749/177 within 1.5"meta.ref.urlintnullableSimbadSimbad column added by the CDSmeta.ref.urlchar_RAPositions from Gaia DR3 (I/355), RAJ2000 and DEJ2000 (right ascension part)degpos.eq.ra;meta.main_DEPositions from Gaia DR3 (I/355), RAJ2000 and DEJ2000 (declination part)degpos.eq.dec;meta.main