J/ApJ/956/108ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJ/956/108doi:10.26093/cds/vizier/ba-xw-3cCDSFausnaugh M.M.Vallely P.J.Tucker M.A.Kochanek C.S.Shappee B.J.,Stanek K.Z.Ricker G.R.Vanderspek R.Agarwal M.Daylan T.,Jayaraman R.Hounsell R.Muthukrishna D.2026-07-02T12:00:50Z2026-02-04T09:52:24ZCDS support team

CDS, Observatoire de Strasbourg, 11 rue de l'Universite, F-67000 Strasbourg, France

cds-question@unistra.frsupernovaephotometryvisible-astronomyabsolute-magnituderedshiftedWe present 307 type Ia supernova (SN) light curves from the first 4yr of the Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite mission. We use this sample to characterize the shapes of the early-time light curves, measure the rise times from first light to peak, and search for companion star interactions. Using simulations, we show that light curves must have noise <10% of the peak flux to avoid biases in the early-time light-curve shape, restricting our quantitative analysis to 74 light curves. We find that the mean power-law index t^{beta}1^ of the early-time light curves is {beta}1=1.93{\pm}0.57, and the mean rise time to peak is 15.7{\pm}3.5 days. The underlying population distribution for {beta}1 may instead consist of a Gaussian component with mean 2.29, width 0.34, and a long tail extending to values less than 1.0. We find that the data can rarely distinguish between models with and without companion interaction models. Nevertheless, we find three high-quality light curves that tentatively prefer the addition of a companion interaction model, but the statistical evidence for the companion interactions is not robust. We also find two SNe that disfavor the addition of a companion interaction model to a curved power-law model. Taking the 74 SNe together, we calculate 3{sigma} upper limits on the presence of companion signatures to control for orientation effects that can hide companions in individual light curves. Our results rule out common progenitor systems with companions having Roche lobe radii >31R_{sun}_ (separations >5.7x10^12^cm, 99.9% confidence level) and disfavor companions having Roche lobe radii >10R_{sun}_ (separations >1.9x10^12^cm, 95% confidence level). Lastly, we discuss the implications of our results for the intrinsic fraction of single degenerate progenitor systems.2023ApJ...956..108Fhttps://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/cat/J/ApJ/956/108CatalogResearchIsServedByTAP VizieR generic serviceIsServedByConesearch servicerelated-toJ/MNRAS/446/3895 : The rising light curves of Type Ia supernovae (Firth+, 2015)J/ApJ/799/105 : KELT light curve of the M82 SN 2014J (Siverd+, 2015)J/ApJ/870/L1 : K2 obs. of type Ia supernova SN 2018oh (Dimitriadis+, 2019)J/ApJ/883/111 : UV-Opt LCs of ASASSN-19bt detected by TESS (Holoien+, 2019)J/MNRAS/483/5045 : R-band LC properties of SN Ia (Papadogiannakis+, 2019)J/ApJ/870/13 : K2 LC alternative analysis of ASASSN-18bt (Shappee+, 2019)J/ApJ/899/136 : TESS light curve of AGN NGC 4395 (Burke+, 2020)J/A+A/634/A37 : TURTLS Light curves of ^56^Ni distributions (Magee+, 2020)J/ApJ/898/56 : UVOT, ZTF gri LCs and sp. of SN Ia 2019yvq (Miller+, 2020)J/ApJ/902/47 : ZTF early obs. of type Ia SNe. II. Rise time (Miller+, 2020)J/MNRAS/493/1044 : Nebular spectra of 111 Type Ia supernovae (Tucker+, 2020)J/ApJ/908/51 : TESS early light curves of type Ia SNe (Fausnaugh+, 2021)J/ApJ/923/L8 : Follow-up phot. & sp. of SNIa 2020hvf (Jiang+, 2021)J/ApJ/910/125 : Follow-up photometry of ASASSN-14ko (Payne+, 2021)J/ApJ/914/50 : Opt. phot. and GMOS & NIRES sp. of SN2019yvq (Tucker+, 2021)J/ApJ/923/167 : SN 2018agk spectra and NIR-UV light curves (Wang+, 2021)J/ApJ/930/12 : Phot. & sp. follow-up of ASASSN-20hx (Hinkle+, 2022)J/ApJ/933/L45 : LCs and spectra of type Ia SN 2021aefx (Hosseinzadeh+, 2022)J/ApJ/926/142 : UV, opt. and X-ray evolution of ASASSN-14ko (Payne+, 2022)http://www.wis-tns.org/ : Transient Name Server homepagehttp://heasarc.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/tess/ : NASA TESS Science Support Centerhttps://cds.unistra.fr/vizier-org/licences_vizier.htmlhttps://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJ/956/108https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJ/956/108http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJ/956/108https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJ/956/108https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJ/956/108http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJ/956/108GETtext/xml+votablehttps://tapvizier.cds.unistra.fr/TAPVizieR/tapCone search capability for table J/ApJ/956/108/table1 (Properties of the supernova sample)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/956/108/table1?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/956/108/table1?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/956/108/table1?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true315.0334083-40.35859440.0055555555555555566/48 155 293 558 738 822 928 991 1006 1563 1716 2064 2089 3209 3924 3956 4235 4282 4319 4373 4433 4514 4547 4580 4638 4735 4746 4845 4939 5000 5015 5158 5204 5461 5722 5884 5932 5971 5988 6269 6329 6377 6383 6750 6769 6922 6945 6981 7012 7211 7295 7317 7518 7548 7562 7808 7823 7970 8016 8095 8567 8675 8685 8796 8856 8943 9053 9061 9098 9150 9161 9165 9369 9607 9658 9744 9917 9984 10017 10030 10058 10079-10080 10111 10123 10151 10179 10190 10198-10199 10207 10212 10311 10337 10619 10844 10978 10998 11060 11115 11118 11187 11215 11231 11246 11336 11362 11386 11457 11522 11543 11551 11592 11630 11647 11667 11712 11715 11730 11738 11823 11889 11894 11915 12000 12034 12067 12093 12121 12126 12154 12176 12232 12256 13851 14526 14554 14575 14881 14892 14937 15014-15015 15071 15122 15292 15899 15930 15944 15999 16059 16111 16122 16304 16334 16354 16694 16718 16727 16750 16852 16960 17069 17083 17192 17236 17423 17465 17495 17533 17595 17624 17725 17741 17787 17928 17977 18038 18069 18153 18339 18356 18451 18606 18657 18683 18811 18939 18949 19478 19532 19735 19742 19778 20314 20452 20658 21141 21377 21590 21725 21837 21899 22374 22571 22594 22659 22666 22735 22829 22885 23168 23230 23777 23881 24020 24119 24134 24621 24849 24910 25133 25323 25353 25367 25526 25547 26179 26241 26333 26423 26444 26676 26753 26782 26874 26902 26913 27034 27051 27262 27707 27712 27802 27840 27854 28031 28259 28309 28504 32602 32671 33177 33225 33380 33621 33714 33913 33964 34229 34431 34469 34570 34619 34637 34702 34780 34793 34835 35001-35002 35595 35877 35899 35907 36566 36597 36601 36738 37388 37397 37403 37459 37473 37601 37616 38759 38804 38889 39078 39598 39610 40281-40283 40300 40567 40947 43446 44007 45911 46904 47424 48128 48358https://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/moc/J/ApJ/956/108?format=asciiOpticaldefaultJ/ApJ/956/108/table1Properties of the supernova samplerecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintNameSN identifiermeta.id;meta.maincharprimaryONameOther identifiermeta.idcharTmagP[14/21.3] Peak TESS band magnitude (T_peak_)magphot.mag;em.opt;stat.maxfloate_TmagP[0.05/0.5] Uncertainty in TmagP (1)magstat.error;phot.mag;em.optfloatTmagL[17.9/22.4] Limiting TESS band magnitude (T_lim_)magphot.mag;em.opt;stat.maxfloatdelTmag[-0.94/5.4] Magnitude increase in TESS band ({Delta}T)magphot.mag;arith.diff;em.optfloatTMag[-21.51/-15.21] Absolute TESS band magnitude (2)magphys.magAbs;em.optfloattPeak[1352.4/2691.6] BJD of peak TESS band magnitude; tPeak-2457000.0dtime.epochfloate_TMag[0.05/0.9] Uncertainty in TMagmagstat.error;phys.magAbs;em.optfloatnuLum[0.13/48.2] Luminosity; 1e+42erg/s1e+35Wphys.luminosityfloate_nuLum[0.01/9.6] Uncertainty in nuLum1e+35Wstat.error;phys.luminosityfloatz[0.006/0.2] Spectroscopic redshift of host galaxysrc.redshiftfloatE(B-V)[0.004/0.4] THe (B-V) color excessmagphot.color.excessfloatReduc[0/110] Data reduction bitmask (3)meta.codeintTreduc[0/110] TESSreduce bitmask (4)meta.codeintQual[0/1110] Quality bitmask (5)meta.code.qualintNpNumber of photometric measurements for this SN (link to Table 2)meta.numberintnullableTNSDisplay the TNS data (https://www.wis-tns.org)meta.ref.urlcharLCInteractive LC Plotmeta.ref.urlchar_RAPositions from TNS (https://www.wis-tns.org) (right ascension part)degpos.eq.ra;meta.main_DEPositions from TNS (https://www.wis-tns.org) (declination part)degpos.eq.dec;meta.mainJ/ApJ/956/108/table2SN light curvesFrac[-16.2/16] Fraction of Peakphot.flux;arith.ratiodoublee_Frac[0.007/4] Uncertainty in Fracstat.error;phot.flux;arith.ratiofloatTmag[14/22.4]? Apparent TESS band magnitude (1)magphot.mag;em.optfloatnullablee_Tmag[0.008/28.5]? Uncertainty in Tmag (1)magstat.error;phot.mag;em.optfloatnullableCalOff[-0.7/363]? Calibration offset (2)instr.calib;arith.diffdoublenullablerecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintNameSN identifiermeta.id;meta.maincharindexedBJD[1325.3/2691.6] Barycentric JD - TDB; BJD-2457000dtime.epochdoubleindexedCRate[-84.2/974.8] Count ratect/sphot.countdoublee_CRate[0.16/14.5] Uncertainty in CRatect/sstat.error;phot.countfloatJ/ApJ/956/108/table3Curved Power Law posterior mediansrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintNameSN identifiermeta.id;meta.maincharprimaryBJD[1330.74/2688.48] Time of first light; BJD-2470000.0dtime.epochfloate_BJD[0.01/3.6] Uncertainty in BJDdstat.error;time.epochfloattRise[3.49/28.81]? Rise time (1)dtime.epochfloatnullablePLbeta1[0.02/3.75] Mean power law index, t^{beta}1^spect.indexfloate_PLbeta1[0.01/0.92] Uncertainty in PLbeta1stat.error;spect.indexfloatPLbeta2[-0.095/-0.0001] Mean power law index, t^{beta}2^spect.indexfloate_PLbeta2[0.0001/0.03] Uncertainty in PLbeta2stat.error;spect.indexfloatlnZ[-7151.2/11349.7] Natural log of Bayesian Evidence Z from dynestystat.paramdoublee_lnZ[0.04/0.2] Uncertainty in lnZstat.error;stat.paramfloatBIC[-22731.4/14303.7] Bayesian Information Criterion (2)stat.paramdoubleRatio[0.06/0.98] Noise metric, rms_Gauss_/rms_observed_ (3)instr.det.noise;arith.difffloatMask[0/1110] BitMask (4)meta.codeintJ/ApJ/956/108/table4Curved Power Law with companion interaction posterior mediansNameSN identifiermeta.id;meta.maincharprimaryrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintBJD[1331.15/2689.25] Time of first light; BJD-2470000.0dtime.epochfloate_BJD[0.01/3.3] Uncertainty in BJDdstat.error;time.epochfloattRise[2.8/28.01]? Rise time (1)dtime.epochfloatnullablePLbeta1[0.01/3.9] Mean power law index, t^{beta}_1_^spect.indexfloate_PLbeta1[0.01/0.95] Uncertainty in PLbeta1stat.error;spect.indexfloatPLbeta2[-0.094/-0.0001] Mean power law index, t^{beta}_2_^spect.indexfloate_PLbeta2[0.0001/0.03] Uncertainty in PLbeta2stat.error;spect.indexfloatMedRad[1/223.2] Median (50th percentile) companion Roche lobe radiussolRadphys.size.radius;stat.medianfloate_MedRad[0/55.5] Uncertainty in MedRadsolRadstat.error;phys.size.radius;stat.medianfloatMaxRad[1/223.2] The 3{sigma} (99.9th percentile) companion Roche lobe radiussolRadphys.size.radius;stat.maxfloatMedSep[0.2/40.2] Median (50th percentile) companion Roche lobe radius1e+12cmphys.size.radius;stat.medianfloate_MedSep[0/9.99] Uncertainty in MedSep1e+12cmstat.error;phys.size.radius;stat.medianfloatMaxSep[0.2/40.2] The 3{sigma} (99.9th percentile) companion Roche lobe radius1e+12cmphys.size.radius;stat.maxfloatlnZ[-7151.4/11354.3] Natural log of Bayesian Evidence Z from dynestystat.paramdoublee_lnZ[0.04/0.2] Uncertainty in lnZstat.error;stat.paramfloatBIC[-22733.8/14311.4] Bayesian Information Criterionstat.paramdoubleMask[0/1110] BitMask (2)meta.codeint