J/ApJ/955/144ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJ/955/144doi:10.26093/cds/vizier/ba-xv-4gCDSLi W.Arcavi I.Nakar E.Filippenko A.V.Brink T.G.Zheng W.,Yang YiLam M.C.Keinan I.Brennan S.J.Shitrit N.2026-07-02T12:00:45Z2026-01-07T12:52:51ZCDS support team

CDS, Observatoire de Strasbourg, 11 rue de l'Universite, F-67000 Strasbourg, France

cds-question@unistra.frtransient-sourcesphotometryvisible-astronomyWe search the archival Zwicky Transient Facility public survey for rapidly evolving transient (RET) candidates based on well-defined criteria between 2018 May and 2021 December. The search yielded 19 bona fide RET candidates, corresponding to a discovery rate of ~5.2 events per year. Even with a Galactic latitude cut of 20{deg}, eight of the 19 events (~42%) are Galactic, including one with a light-curve shape closely resembling that of the GW170817 kilonova (KN). An additional event is a nova in M31. Four out of the 19 events (~21%) are confirmed extragalactic RETs (one confirmed here for the first time) and the origin of six additional events cannot be determined. We did not find any extragalactic events resembling the GW170817 KN, from which we obtain an upper limit on the volumetric rate of GW170817-like KNe of R<=2400Gpc^-3^/yr (95% confidence). These results can be used for quantifying contaminants to RET searches in transient alert streams, specifically when searching for KNe independently of gravitational-wave and gamma-ray-burst triggers.2023ApJ...955..144Lhttps://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/cat/J/ApJ/955/144CatalogResearchIsServedByTAP VizieR generic serviceIsServedByConesearch servicerelated-toV/147 : The SDSS Photometric Catalogue, Release 12 (Alam+, 2015)V/154 : Sloan Digital Sky Surveys (SDSS), Release 16 (DR16) (Ahumada+, 2020)I/355 : Gaia DR3 Part 1. Main source (Gaia Collaboration, 2022)I/357 : Gaia DR3 Part 3. Non-single stars (Gaia Collaboration, 2022)I/358 : Gaia DR3 Part 4. Variability (Gaia Collaboration, 2022)VII/281 : GLADE v2.3 catalog (Dalya+, 2018)J/ApJ/696/870 : Catalina Real-time Transient Survey (CRTS) (Drake+, 2009)J/AJ/140/34 : Classification of nova light curves (Strope+, 2010)J/A+A/514/A102 : SDSS DR7 groups of galaxies (Tago+, 2010)J/ApJ/741/97 : Light curves of Ibc supernovae (Drout+, 2011)J/ApJ/794/23 : Pan-STARRS1 transients optical photometry (Drout+, 2014)J/ApJ/788/48 : X-ray through NIR photometry of NGC 2617 (Shappee+, 2014)J/ApJ/819/35 : LCs of four transients from PTF & SNLS (Arcavi+, 2016)J/MNRAS/456/4441 : Outburst catalog of cataclysmic variables (Coppejans+, 2016)J/A+A/593/A68 : PTF12os & iPTF13bvn spectra & light curves (Fremling+, 2016)J/ApJ/848/L29 : Opt. follow-up of GW170817 counterpart (Diaz+, 2017)J/ApJ/851/107 : iPTF 16asu photometry follow-up (Whitesides+, 2017)J/MNRAS/481/894 : Rapidly evolving transients in the DES (Pursiainen+, 2018)J/ApJ/904/155 : gri photometry for 32 kilonovae with ZTF (Andreoni+, 2020)J/ApJ/895/32 : Zwicky Transient Facility BTS. I. (Fremling+, 2020)J/MNRAS/498/2575 : Rapidly evolving transients from DES (Wiseman+, 2020)J/ApJ/918/63 : Fast-transients confirmed by ZTFReST & LCs (Andreoni+, 2021)J/ApJ/910/42 : LCs and spectroscopic obs. of AT2018cow (Xiang+, 2021)J/ApJ/949/120 : Extragalactic fast blue opt. transients from ZTF (Ho+, 2023)http://www.wis-tns.org/ : Transient Name Server (TNS) homepagehttp://www.ztf.caltech.edu/ztf-public-releases.html : ZTF Public DR homepagehttps://cds.unistra.fr/vizier-org/licences_vizier.htmlhttps://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJ/955/144https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJ/955/144http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJ/955/144https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJ/955/144https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJ/955/144http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJ/955/144GETtext/xml+votablehttps://tapvizier.cds.unistra.fr/TAPVizieR/tapCone search capability for table J/ApJ/955/144/table1 (Rapidly evolving transient (RET) candidates that passed our selection criteria)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/955/144/table1?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/955/144/table1?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/955/144/table1?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true186.4932157.15850.0055555555555555566/2709 6382 7994 8381 9237 11188 12620 15329 16020 17452 19385 20104 22794 31223 32288 40811 44381 44657 49104https://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/moc/J/ApJ/955/144?format=asciiOpticaldefaultJ/ApJ/955/144/table1Rapidly evolving transient (RET) candidates that passed our selection criteriarecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintCl?TNS classification available or "Uncl"meta.idcharNameTransient namemeta.id;meta.maincharprimaryOName1Other namemeta.idcharOName2A second other name if anymeta.idcharRAJ2000[10.7/342.1] Right ascension (J2000)degpos.eq.ra;meta.mainDEJ2000[-18.4/75.4] Declination (J2000)degpos.eq.dec;meta.mainGLAT[-75/61.1] Galactic latitudedegpos.galactic.latfloatClassObject classificationmeta.code.class;src.classcharSimbadSimbad column added by the CDSmeta.ref.urlcharRef[1/19] Reference (1)meta.ref;pos.frameintNpNumber of photometric measurements for this sourcemeta.numberintnullableLCInteractive LC Plotmeta.ref.urlcharJ/ApJ/955/144/fig1Light curves of our 9 rapidly evolving transient (RET) candidatesNameTransient namemeta.id;meta.mainchare_mag[0.005/0.4]? Uncertainty in magmagstat.error;phot.magfloatnullableFiltFilter (c, o, g, or r)meta.id;instr.filtercharSourceSource (1)meta.id;instr.telcharl_mag[FALSE/TRUE ] Is "mag" column a 3{sigma} upper limit?meta.code.errorcharrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintMJD[58422.5/59374.5] Modified Julian Date of observation (JD-2400000.5)dtime.epochdoublemag[14/21.8] Apparent AB magnitude in Filtermagphot.magfloat