J/ApJ/955/1ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJ/955/1doi:10.26093/cds/vizier/ba-xv-1CDSLi J.Greene J.E.Greco J.P.Huang S.Melchior P.Beaton R.,Casey K.Danieli S.Goulding A.Joseph R.Kado-Fong E.Kim Ji H.,MacArthur L.A.2026-07-02T12:00:40Z2025-12-12T08:28:27ZCDS support team

CDS, Observatoire de Strasbourg, 11 rue de l'Universite, F-67000 Strasbourg, France

cds-question@unistra.frdwarf-galaxiesinfrared-photometryvisible-astronomybroad-band-photometryextinctiontwo-color-diagramsgalaxy-radiiredshiftedgalaxy-classification-systemsLarge diffuse galaxies are hard to find, but understanding the environments where they live, their numbers, and ultimately their origins, is of intense interest and importance for galaxy formation and evolution. Using Subaru's Hyper Suprime-Cam Strategic Survey Program, we perform a systematic search for low surface brightness galaxies and present novel and effective methods for detecting and modeling them. As a case study, we surveyed 922 Milky Way analogs in the nearby Universe (0.01<z<0.04) and built a large sample of satellite galaxies that are outliers in the mass-size relation. These "ultra-puffy" galaxies (UPGs), defined to be 1.5{sigma} above the average mass-size relation, represent the tail of the satellite size distribution. We find that each MW analog hosts N_UPG_=0.31{\pm}0.05 UPGs on average, which is consistent with but slightly lower than the observed abundance at this halo mass in the Local Volume. We also construct a sample of ultra-diffuse galaxies (UDGs) in MW analogs and find an abundance of N_UDG_=0.44{\pm}0.05 per host. With literature results, we confirm that the UDG abundance scales with the host halo mass following a sublinear power law. We argue that our definition of UPGs, which is based on the mass-size relation, is more physically motivated than the common definition of UDGs, which depends on the surface brightness and size cuts and thus yields different surface mass density cuts for quenched and star-forming galaxies.2023ApJ...955....1Lhttps://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/cat/J/ApJ/955/1CatalogResearchIsServedByTAP VizieR generic serviceIsServedByConesearch servicerelated-toB/subaru : Log of Subaru Prime Focus Camera Exposures (ADAC NAOJ, 2007)II/371 : The Dark Energy Survey (DES): Data Release 2 (Abbott+, 2021)I/355 : Gaia DR3 Part 1. Main source (Gaia Collaboration, 2022)I/356 : Gaia DR3 Part 2. Extra-galactic (Gaia Collaboration, 2022)J/ApJ/588/218 : i*g* photometry of SDSS EDR galaxies (Abraham+, 2003)J/ApJS/147/1 : Classification of nearby galaxies (Conselice+, 2003)J/AJ/128/163 : Galaxy morphological classification (Lotz+, 2004)J/ApJS/172/615 : GALFIT result for GEMS galaxies (Haussler+, 2007)J/MNRAS/382/109 : Massive galaxies in Extended Groth Strip (Trujillo+, 2007)J/A+A/486/697 : Hydra I Cluster Catalogue (HCC) (Misgeld+, 2008)J/MNRAS/386/2311 : CT1 photometry of Antlia early-type galaxies (Smith+, 2008)J/MNRAS/414/3699 : Study of hot stellar systems and galaxies (Misgeld+, 2011)J/AJ/144/4 : Dwarf galaxies in the Local Group (McConnachie+, 2012)J/AJ/145/101 : Updated nearby galaxy catalog (Karachentsev+, 2013)J/ApJ/813/L15 : Dwarf galaxies in Fornax cluster from NGFS (Munoz+, 2015)J/MNRAS/456/1359 : IAC Stripe 82 Legacy Project: Photometry (Fliri+, 2016)J/ApJS/225/11 : Subaru-UDGs in the Coma cluster (Yagi+, 2016)J/ApJ/844/157 : Ultradiffuse gal. found in HST images of HFF (Lee+, 2017)J/ApJ/842/133 : HI-bearing ultra-diffuse ALFALFA galaxies (Leisman+, 2017)J/MNRAS/468/703 : Abell 168 ultra-diffuse galaxies distribution (Roman+, 2017)J/ApJ/855/142 : Next Generation Fornax Survey. II. (Eigenthaler+, 2018)J/ApJ/857/104 : Low surface brightness galaxies from HSC-SSP (Greco+, 2018)J/ApJS/240/1 : SMUDGes. I. Coma Cluster (Zaritsky+, 2019)J/ApJ/890/128 : NGVS. XIV. Bona fide Virgo members (Ferrarese+, 2020)J/MNRAS/493/87 : 1005 galaxies with z<0.09 sample (Trujillo+, 2020)J/ApJ/922/267 : Dwarf galaxies photometry & structures (Carlsten+, 2021)J/ApJ/923/257 : Ultra-diffuse galaxies with sp. obs. (Kadowaki+, 2021)J/ApJ/907/85 : SAGA Survey. II. Satellite systems around gal. (Mao+, 2021)J/ApJS/252/18 : Low-surface-brightness gal. from DES Y3 (Tanoglidis+, 2021)J/ApJS/257/60 : SMUDGes. II. Expanded survey & Stripe 82 (Zaritsky+, 2021)J/ApJ/933/47 : The ELVES survey photometric results (Carlsten+, 2022)J/ApJ/927/44 : ELVES II: early-type satellites phot. & GC (Carlsten+, 2022)J/A+A/667/A87 : Edges of galaxies. Limits of star formation (Chamba+, 2022)J/A+A/662/A43 : The Fornax Deep Survey (FDS) with VST. XII. (Venhola+, 2022)J/ApJS/261/11 : SMUDGes. III. The Southern catalog (Zaritsky+, 2022)http://hsc-release.mtk.nao.ac.jp/doc/ : Hyper Suprime-Cam SSP home pagehttp://nsatlas.org/ : NASA-Sloan Atlas homepagehttps://cds.unistra.fr/vizier-org/licences_vizier.htmlhttps://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJ/955/1https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJ/955/1http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJ/955/1https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJ/955/1https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJ/955/1http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJ/955/1GETtext/xml+votablehttps://tapvizier.cds.unistra.fr/TAPVizieR/tapCone search capability for table J/ApJ/955/1/table3 (Ultra-diffuse galaxy (UDG) and "ultra-puffy" galaxy (UPG) catalogs)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/955/1/table3?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/955/1/table3?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/955/1/table3?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true235.815343.5870.0055555555555555565/2480 4698 6811 6/4106 4109 4112 4114 4129 8193 8195 9641 9644 9646 9815 9817 9821 9823 9829-9831 9833-9836 9840 9883 9885-9887 9898-9900 9909 9928 9984-9985 9987 9990 9992 10583 10691-10692 11264 11272 17403 17406 17662 17671 17675 17681 17685-17688 17690 17697-17698 17703 17705-17706 17711 17715 17719-17722 17736 17798-17799 17808 17810 17998-17999 18002 18004 18007-18009 18020 18036 18038 18082 18086 18093 18686 18749-18750 18765 18767 18771-18773 18775 18777-18779 18790 18798 18807 18829-18830 18837-18838 18847-18848 18854-18855 18858 18867 18870 18881 18884 18886 18889-18892 19023 19025 19032 19060-19062 19065 19067 19157 19213-19214 19216-19218 19234 19328 19337 19459 21833 21836 21838 21845 21848 21850 21854 21857 21861 21874 21877 25589 25593 25596 25915 25919 25936 25942-25943 25946-25948 25952-25953 25955 25957-25959 25965 25968-25969 25972 25989 25996 26001-26003 26006 26009-26011 26032 26034 26049 26051 26198 26246 26259 26263 26265-26266 26268 26270 26275 26282 26284 26286 26949 26951 26957 26960-26961 27206 27211-27212 27214 27218-27219 27224 27226 27232 27236-27237 27239 27248 27251 27257 27259 27296 27308 27313-27314 27317-27318 27324 27329 27333 27345 27649-27650 27652 36796 36799 40953 40956 45049https://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/moc/J/ApJ/955/1?format=asciiOpticalInfrareddefaultJ/ApJ/955/1/table3Ultra-diffuse galaxy (UDG) and "ultra-puffy" galaxy (UPG) catalogsrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintTypeGalaxy type (1)meta.code.classcharID[64/90517] Unique LSBG IDmeta.id;meta.mainintRAJ2000Source Right ascension (J2000)degpos.eq.ra;meta.mainDEJ2000[-7/44.7] Source Declination (J2000)degpos.eq.dec;meta.mainre[1.6/14] Circularized effective radiusarcsecphys.size.radius;phys.angSizefloate_re[0.3/1.8] Uncertainty in rearcsecstat.error;phys.size.radius;phys.angSizefloatgmueff[23.3/27.7] g-band average surface brightness within remag.arcsec**-2phot.mag.sb;stat.mean;em.opt.Bfloate_gmueff[0.05/0.3] Uncertainty in gmueffmag.arcsec**-2stat.error;phot.mag.sb;em.opt.Bfloatgmag[16.2/22.7] Corrected g-band apparent AB magnitude (2)magphot.mag;em.opt.Bfloate_gmag[0.05/0.5] Uncertainty of gmagmagstat.error;phot.mag;em.opt.Bfloatg-i[0.008/1.16] g-i color (2)magphot.color;em.opt.B;em.opt.Ifloate_g-i[0.05/0.2] Uncertainty in g-imagstat.error;phot.color;em.optfloatg-r[-0.17/0.55] g-r color (2)magphot.color;em.opt.B;em.opt.Rfloate_g-r[0.05/0.2] Uncertainty in g-rmagstat.error;phot.color;em.optfloatnu[-0.43/1.9] Spergel index {nu} (3)stat.fit.paramfloatell[0.014/0.7] Ellipticitysrc.ellipticityfloatAg[0.023/0.29] g-band Galactic extinctionmagphys.absorption.gal;em.opt.BfloatAr[0.016/0.2] r-band Galactic extinctionmagphys.absorption.gal;em.opt.RfloatAi[0.01/0.15] i-band Galactic extinctionmagphys.absorption.gal;em.opt.Ifloatcomp[0.1/0.95] Completenessmeta.notefloatweight[0/6.53] Importance weight; see Section 4.3stat.weightfloatrephys[0.94/6.85] Circularized physical effective radiuskpcphys.size.radiusfloatlogMs[6.2/9.2] Log stellar masslog(solMass)phys.massfloate_logMs[0.06/0.3] Uncertainty in logMslog(solMass)stat.error;phys.massfloatHostHost galaxy name (JHHMMSS.ss+DDMMSS.s)obs.fieldcharm_HostNumber of UDG/UPG for this hostmeta.numberintnullableRAHdegHost galaxy Right ascension (J2000)degpos.eq.raDEHdeg[-6.91/44.61] Host galaxy Declination (J2000)degpos.eq.deczHost[0.01/0.04] Host galaxy redshiftsrc.redshiftfloatlogMsH[10.2/11.2] Host galaxy log10 stellar masslog(solMass)phys.massfloatrvirH[206.68/843.2] Host galaxy virial radiuskpcphys.size.radiusdoubleg-iH[-0.45/1.53] Host galaxy g-i colormagphot.color;em.opt.B;em.opt.IfloatSep[0.77/26.82] Angular separation between host & UDG/UPGarcminphys.angSizefloat