J/ApJ/954/174ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJ/954/174doi:10.26093/cds/vizier/ba-xt-5eCDSLi Q.Wang R.Fan X.Wu X.-B.Jiang L.Banados E.Venemans B.,Shao Y.Li J.Wagg J.Decarli R.Mazzucchelli C.Omont A.,Bertoldi F.Johnson S.Conselice C.J.Zhang C.2026-07-02T12:00:30Z2025-11-13T09:19:10ZCDS support team

CDS, Observatoire de Strasbourg, 11 rue de l'Universite, F-67000 Strasbourg, France

cds-question@unistra.frquasarsmillimeter-astronomyphotometrysubmillimeter-astronomygalaxiesThe formation of the first supermassive black holes is expected to have occurred in some most pronounced matter and galaxy overdensities in the early universe. We have conducted a submillimeter wavelength continuum survey of 54 z~6 quasars using the Submillimeter Common-User Bolometre Array-2 on the James Clerk Maxwell Telescope to study the environments around z~6 quasars. We identified 170 submillimeter galaxies (SMGs) with above 3.5{sigma} detections in 450 or 850{mu}m maps. Their far-IR luminosities are (2.2-6.4)x10^12^L_{sun}_, and their star formation rates are ~400-1200M_{sun}_/yr. We also calculated the SMGs' differential and cumulative number counts in a combined area of ~620arcmin^2^. To a 4{sigma} detection (at ~5.5mJy), SMGs' overdensity is 0.68_-0.19_^+0.21^(+/-0.19), exceeding the blank-field source counts by a factor of 1.68. We find that 13/54 quasars show overdensities (at ~5.5mJy) of {delta}_SMG_~1.5-5.4. The combined area of these 13 quasars exceeds the blank-field counts with the overdensity to 5.5mJy of {delta}_SMG_~2.46_-0.55_^+0.64^(+/-0.25) in the regions of ~150arcmin^2^. However, the excess is insignificant on the bright end (e.g., 7.5mJy). We also compare results with previous environmental studies of Ly{alpha} emitters and Lyman break galaxies on a similar scale. Our survey presents the first systematic study of the environment of quasars at z~6. The newly discovered SMGs provide essential candidates for follow-up spectroscopic observations to test whether they reside in the same large-scale structures as the quasars and search for protoclusters at an early epoch.2023ApJ...954..174Lhttps://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/cat/J/ApJ/954/174CatalogResearchIsServedByTAP VizieR generic serviceIsServedByConesearch servicerelated-toJ/MNRAS/384/1611 : Submm observations in gravitational lenses (Knudsen+, 2008)J/ApJ/704/548 : Phot. properties of galaxies at z=4-6 (Overzier+, 2009)J/MNRAS/416/2041 : H{alpha} emitters at z=2.23 (Matsuda+, 2011)J/MNRAS/436/1919 : SCUBA observations of COSMOS galaxies (Casey+, 2013)J/ApJ/768/91 : ALMA observations of LESS submm galaxies (Hodge+, 2013)J/ApJS/227/11 : PS1 z>5.6 quasars follow-up (Banados+, 2016)J/MNRAS/465/1789 : SCUBA-2 Cosmology Legacy Survey (Geach+, 2017)J/ApJ/863/92 : LAE at z~5.7 in the field of QSO J0148+0600 (Becker+, 2018)J/ApJ/903/4 : Ly{alpha} Emitters at Redshift z~5.7 with M2FS (Ning+, 2020)J/ApJ/923/262 : NIR spectroscopic obs. of z>6.5 quasars (Yang+, 2021)J/ApJS/265/29 : PS1 z>5.6 QSO Survey. II. 55 QSOs follow-up (Banados+, 2023)https://cds.unistra.fr/vizier-org/licences_vizier.htmlhttps://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJ/954/174https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJ/954/174http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJ/954/174https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJ/954/174https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJ/954/174http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJ/954/174GETtext/xml+votablehttps://tapvizier.cds.unistra.fr/TAPVizieR/tapCone search capability for table J/ApJ/954/174/table2 (The catalog of submillimeter galaxies (SMGs) and SMG candidates in the quasar nearby fields at z~6)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/954/174/table2?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/954/174/table2?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/954/174/table2?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true2.101667-6.411250.0055555555555555566/471 2187 4279 4339 4831 5043 5049 5066 5444 6644 6646 8948 9231 9392 10320 10642 11916 12405 12576 13358 13418 16531 17068 17358 17362 17872 18155 18242 20421 21263 21850 23102 25319 25330 25375 25669 26282 26296 26344 26869 26973 27022 27676 27700 27781 28144 30906 35895 36182 36300 44429 44743 44753 44984 48715 488992.232294361788794e-22 4.548340570656383e-22https://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/moc/J/ApJ/954/174?format=asciiMillimeterdefaultJ/ApJ/954/174/table2The catalog of submillimeter galaxies (SMGs) and SMG candidates in the quasar nearby fields at z~6recnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintSMGSMG identifier (1)meta.id;meta.maincharRAJ2000Hour of Right Ascension (J2000)pos.eq.ra;meta.mainDEJ2000Degree of Declination (J2000)pos.eq.dec;meta.mainS850[3.5/17] SMG peak flux density, S{nu} at 850ummJyphot.flux.density;em.mm.200-400GHzfloate_S850[0.9/1.5] Uncertainty in S850mJystat.error;phot.flux.density;em.mm.200-400GHzfloatSN850[3/15.4] Signal-to-noise ratio, S850stat.snr;em.mm.200-400GHzfloatS850d[2.6/17] Deboosted flux density, S{nu} at 850ummJyphot.flux.density;em.mm.200-400GHzfloate_S850d[0.9/2.2] Uncertainty in S850dmJystat.error;phot.flux.density;em.mm.200-400GHzfloatS450[25/114]? SMG peak flux density, S{nu} at 450ummJyphot.flux.density;em.mm.400-750GHzfloatnullablee_S450[7.7/36.2]? Uncertainty in S450mJystat.error;phot.flux.density;em.mm.400-750GHzfloatnullableSN450[3/4.2]? Signal-to-noise ratio, S450stat.snr;em.mm.400-750GHzfloatnullableS450d[20/94]? Deboosted flux density, S{nu} at 450ummJyphot.flux.density;em.mm.400-750GHzfloatnullablee_S450d[7.2/33.6]? Uncertainty in S450dmJystat.error;phot.flux.density;em.mm.400-750GHzfloatnullableOffset[0/2.8] Angular distance between SMGs & central quasararcminpos.angDistancefloat