J/ApJ/954/148ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJ/954/148doi:10.26093/cds/vizier/ba-xt-4mCDSImanishi M.Baba S.Nakanishi K.Izumi T.2026-07-02T12:00:27Z2025-12-08T09:49:20ZCDS support team

CDS, Observatoire de Strasbourg, 11 rue de l'Universite, F-67000 Strasbourg, France

cds-question@unistra.frgalaxiesinfrared-sourcesmolecular-physicsinterferometryactive-galactic-nucleimillimeter-astronomysubmillimeter-astronomyredshiftedWe present the results of our ALMA<~0.5kpc resolution dense molecular line (HCN and HCO^+^J=2-1, J=3-2, and J=4-3) observations of 12 nearby (ultra)luminous infrared galaxies ([U]LIRGs). After matching beam sizes of all molecular line data to the same values in all (U)LIRGs, we derive molecular line flux ratios by extracting spectra in the central 0.5, 1, and 2kpc circular regions and in 0.5-1 and 1-2kpc annular regions. Based on non-local thermal equilibrium model calculations, we quantitatively confirm that the innermost (<~0.5kpc) molecular gas is very dense (>~10^5^cm^-3^) and warm ({>~300K) in ULIRGs, and that in one LIRG, it is also modestly dense (10^4-5^cm^-3^) and warm (~100K). We then investigate the spatial variation of the HCN-to-HCO^+^ flux ratios and high-J to low-J flux ratios of HCN and HCO+. A subtle sign of a decreasing trend in these ratios from the innermost (<~0.5kpc) to the outer nuclear (0.5-2kpc) region is discernible in a significant fraction of the observed ULIRGs. For two ULIRGS hosting an active galactic nucleus (AGN), which display the trend most clearly, we find based on a Bayesian approach that the HCN-to-HCO+ abundance ratio and gas kinetic temperature systematically increase from the outer nuclear to the innermost region. We suggest that this trend comes from potential AGN effects because no such spatial variation is found in a starburst-dominated LIRG.2023ApJ...954..148Ihttps://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/cat/J/ApJ/954/148CatalogResearchIsServedByTAP VizieR generic serviceIsServedByConesearch servicerelated-toJ/ApJ/522/113 : 1Jy IRAS galaxies optical spectroscopy (Veilleux+, 1999)J/AJ/126/1607 : IRAS Revised Bright Galaxy Sample (Sanders+, 2003)J/ApJS/184/230 : Spitzer high-res. MIR spectral atlas (Bernard-Salas+, 2009)J/ApJS/182/628 : Spitzer quasar and ULIRG evolution study (Veilleux+, 2009)J/ApJ/723/993 : Spatial extent of (U)LIRGs in MIR. I. (Diaz-Santos+, 2010)J/MNRAS/405/2505 : Nuclear activity in ULIRGs (Nardini+, 2010)J/A+A/579/A101 : 3mm molecular line survey of 8 AGN (Aladro+, 2015)J/ApJ/829/93 : CO, [CI] & [NII] lines from Herschel sp. (Kamenetzky+, 2016)J/A+A/590/A25 : Arp 220 HCN and HCO^+^ data cubes (Martin+, 2016)J/ApJS/230/1 : Herschel SPIRE 194-671um survey of GOALS LIRGs (Lu+, 2017)J/ApJ/923/240 : Deeply buried nuclei in NGC4418. II. (Sakamoto+, 2021)J/ApJS/257/57 : Cold molecular gas in merger remnants. II. (Ueda+, 2021)https://cds.unistra.fr/vizier-org/licences_vizier.htmlhttps://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJ/954/148https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJ/954/148http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJ/954/148https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJ/954/148https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJ/954/148http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJ/954/148GETtext/xml+votablehttps://tapvizier.cds.unistra.fr/TAPVizieR/tapCone search capability for table J/ApJ/954/148/table1 (Basic properties of the observed (Ultra)luminous infrared galaxies)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/954/148/table1?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/954/148/table1?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/954/148/table1?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true2.9304169-7.36862890.0055555555555555566/388 16641 17075 17263-17264 17564 22721 26298 27502 31303 35675 470511.6558465556080236e-21 2.1346512726771855e-20https://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/moc/J/ApJ/954/148?format=asciiInfraredMillimeterdefaultJ/ApJ/954/148/table1Basic properties of the observed (Ultra)luminous infrared galaxiesrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintNameGalaxy namemeta.id;meta.maincharprimaryf_NameFlag on Name (1)meta.codecharz[0.016/0.15] Redshift adopted from I16 (2)src.redshiftfloatDist[68/655] Luminosity distance, d_L_Mpcpos.distanceintScale[0.3/2.5] Physical scalekpc/arcsecinstr.scalefloatl_F12umLimit flag on F12ummeta.code.errorcharF12um[0.05/1.4] IRAS flux at 12um (3)Jyphot.flux.density;em.IR.8-15umfloatSimbadNameSimbad column added by the CDSmeta.idcharnullableNEDNED column added by the CDSmeta.ref.urlcharLEDAmeta.ref.urlcharl_F25umLimit flag on F25ummeta.code.errorcharF25um[0.14/7.5] IRAS flux at 25um (3)Jyphot.flux.density;em.IR.15-30umfloatF60um[1.38/32.12] IRAS flux at 60um (3)Jyphot.flux.density;em.IR.30-60umfloatF100um[1.42/34.32] IRAS flux at 100um (3)Jyphot.flux.density;em.IR.60-100umfloatlogLIR[11.7/12.6] Log of the infrared 8-1000um luminosity (4)log(solLum)phys.luminosity;em.IRfloatOClassOptical spectroscopic classification (5)meta.code.class;em.optcharl_AGNirLimit flag on AGNirmeta.code.errorcharAGNir[0.05/88] Infrared spectroscopically estimated bolometric contribution of AGN (6)%phys.luminosity;arith.ratio;em.IRfloate_AGNir[2/10]? Lower uncertainty on AGNir%stat.error;stat.min;phys.luminosityintnullableE_AGNir[6/6]? Upper uncertainty on AGNir%stat.error;stat.max;phys.luminosityintnullableNotesNotes (7)meta.notecharNemlNumber of emission line measurements for this galaxy (link to Table 9)meta.numberintnullable_RARight Ascension (J2000) from SIMBAD (not part of the original data)degpos.eq.ra;meta.main_DEDeclination (J2000) from SIMBAD (not part of the original data)degpos.eq.dec;meta.mainJ/ApJ/954/148/table9*Gaussian fit of emission linesNameGalaxy namemeta.id;meta.maincharPeak1[0.47/55.4]? First Gaussian fit peak flux densitymJyphot.flux.density;em.radiofloatnullablee_Peak1[0.09/4]? Uncertainty in Peak1 (1)mJystat.error;phot.flux.density;em.radiofloatnullablePeak2[-17.3/25.3]? Second Gaussian fit peak flux densitymJyphot.flux.density;em.radiofloatnullablee_Peak2[0.1/3]? Uncertainty in Peak2 (1)mJystat.error;phot.flux.density;em.radiofloatnullablef_Peak2[a] Flag on Peak2 (2)meta.codecharFWHM1[54/1145]? First Gaussian fit Full-Width at Half-Maximum valuekm/sspect.line.widthintnullablee_FWHM1[6/782]? Uncertainty in FWHM1 (1)km/sstat.error;spect.line.widthintnullablef_FWHM1[b] Indicates FWHM1 is a fixed valuemeta.codecharFWHM2[46/743]? Second Gaussian fit Full-Width at Half-Maximum valuekm/sspect.line.widthintnullablee_FWHM2[16/204]? Uncertainty in FWHM2 (1)km/sstat.error;spect.line.widthintnullablef_FWHM2[b] Indicates FWHM2 is a fixed valuemeta.codecharFlux[0.2/19.6]? Gaussian fit velocity-integrated flux (3)Jy.km/sphot.fluxfloatnullablerecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintRegionRegion identifiermeta.id;obs.fieldMolMolecule identifiermeta.id;phys.molLineLine identifiermeta.id;spect.linecharVel1[4653/42089]? First Gaussian fit optical LSR velocitykm/sspect.dopplerVeloc.opt;pos.lsrintnullablee_Vel1[3/231]? Uncertainty in Vel1 (1)km/sstat.error;spect.dopplerVeloc.opt;pos.lsrintnullablef_Vel1[b] Indicates Vel1 is a fixed valuemeta.codecharVel2[4840/42294]? Second Gaussian fit optical LSR velocitykm/sspect.dopplerVeloc.opt;pos.lsrintnullablee_Vel2[5/130]? Uncertainty in Vel2 (1)km/sstat.error;spect.dopplerVeloc.opt;pos.lsrintnullablee_Flux[0.05/4]? Uncertainty in Flux (1)Jy.km/sstat.error;phot.fluxfloatnullablef_FluxFlag on Flux (4)meta.code