J/ApJ/953/104ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJ/953/104doi:10.26093/cds/vizier/ba-xs-38CDSKokusho T.Torii H.Kaneda H.Fukui Y.Tachihara K.2026-07-02T12:00:14Z2025-10-31T08:51:44ZCDS support team

CDS, Observatoire de Strasbourg, 11 rue de l'Universite, F-67000 Strasbourg, France

cds-question@unistra.frmagellanic-cloudsyoung-stellar-objectsstellar-massesspectral-energy-distributionextinctioninfrared-sourcesvisible-astronomysurveysinterstellar-mediumWe perform a systematic study of the evolutionary stages and stellar masses of young stellar objects (YSOs) in the Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC) to investigate the properties of star formation in the galaxy. There are 4825 sources in our YSO sample, which are constructed by combining the previous studies identifying YSOs in the LMC. Spectral energy distributions of the YSOs from optical to infrared wavelengths were fitted with a model consisting of stellar, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon, and dust emissions. We utilize the stellar-to-dust luminosity ratios thus derived to study the evolutionary stages of the sources; younger YSOs are expected to show lower stellar-to-dust luminosity ratios. We find that most of the YSOs are associated with the interstellar gas across the galaxy, which are younger with more gas, suggesting that more recent star formation is associated with larger amounts of the interstellar medium (ISM). N157 shows a hint of higher stellar-to-dust luminosity ratios between active star-forming regions in the LMC, suggesting that recent star formation in N157 is possibly in later evolutionary stages. We also find that the stellar mass function tends to be bottom-heavy in supergiant shells (SGSs), indicating that gas compression by SGSs may be ineffective in compressing the ISM enough to trigger massive star formation. There is no significant difference in the stellar mass function between YSOs likely associated with the interface between colliding SGSs and those with a single SGS, suggesting that gas compression by collisions between SGSs may also be ineffective for massive star formation.2023ApJ...953..104Khttps://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/cat/J/ApJ/953/104CatalogResearchIsServedByTAP VizieR generic serviceIsServedByConesearch servicerelated-toII/288 : IRSF Magellanic Clouds Point Source Catalog (Kato+ 2007)VII/232 : Nebulae in the Magellanic Clouds (Davies+ 1976)J/A+AS/139/277 : LMC X-ray sources ROSAT PSPC catalogue (Haberl+, 1999)J/AJ/128/1606 : Magellanic Clouds Photometric Survey: LMC (Zaritsky+, 2004)J/AJ/132/2653 : JHKs photometry of N11 young stellar objects (Hatano+, 2006)J/AJ/132/2268 : SAGE calibration stars (Meixner+, 2006)J/ApJ/678/200 : YSOs in N63 and N180 (Caulet+, 2008)J/AJ/136/18 : LMC SAGE. New candidate YSOs (Whitney+, 2008)J/AJ/138/1003 : IR photometry of massive LMC stars (Bonanos+, 2009)J/ApJ/695/511 : Young massive stars in LHA 120-N 44 (Chen+, 2009)J/ApJS/184/172 : High- and intermediate-mass YSOs in the LMC (Gruendl+, 2009)J/ApJ/699/150 : Spectral classif. of Massive YSOs in LMC (Seale+, 2009)J/ApJ/721/357 : YSOs in the LMC star-forming region N206 (Romita+, 2010)J/A+A/542/A66 : YSOs in 9 LMC star forming regions (Carlson+, 2012)J/AJ/146/62 : HERschel HERITAGE in Magellanic Clouds (Meixner+, 2013)J/AJ/148/124 : Herschel key program Heritage (Seale+, 2014)J/ApJ/811/145 : LMC & SMC evolved stars with Herschel (Jones+, 2015)J/MNRAS/470/3250 : SAGE LMC point-sources classification (Jones+, 2017)J/A+A/624/A137 : Stellar models and isochrones (Haemmerle+, 2019)https://cds.unistra.fr/vizier-org/licences_vizier.htmlhttps://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJ/953/104https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJ/953/104http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJ/953/104https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJ/953/104https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJ/953/104http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJ/953/104GETtext/xml+votablehttps://tapvizier.cds.unistra.fr/TAPVizieR/tapCone search capability for table J/ApJ/953/104/table1 (Parameters for well-fitted YSOs)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/953/104/table1?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/953/104/table1?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/953/104/table1?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true71.82296-69.15840.005555555555555556Cone search capability for table J/ApJ/953/104/table2 (Parameters for of the supergiant shells)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/953/104/table2?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/953/104/table2?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/953/104/table2?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true74.625-68.658060.0055555555555555564/2068 5/8263 8268-8269 8276-8278 8280-8281 6/33046-33047 33049 33051 33080 33084-33085 33116 33118 33128-33129 33132 33136-33138 33792 37536https://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/moc/J/ApJ/953/104?format=asciiOpticalInfrareddefaultJ/ApJ/953/104/table1Parameters for well-fitted YSOsrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintRAJ2000[68.7/91] Right Ascension (J2000)degpos.eq.ra;meta.mainDEJ2000[-72.4/-65.2] Declination (J2000)degpos.eq.dec;meta.mainlogLs[-0.15/7.2] Log, SED-derived stellar luminositylog(solLum)phys.luminosityfloate_logLs[0.05/3.3] Uncertainty in logLslog(solLum)stat.errorfloatSED[a] a: Model SED is not consistent with the V-band limiting magnitude (1)meta.codechare_Av[0/154] Uncertainty in Avmagstat.errorfloatlogLdust[1.19/8.5] Log, SED-derived dust luminositylog(solLum)phys.luminosityfloate_logLdust[0.04/188] Uncertainty in logLdustlog(solLum)stat.errorfloatlogLhot[-0.8/4.5]? Log, SED-derived hot dust luminositylog(solLum)phys.luminosityfloatnullablee_logLhot[0.04/116]? Uncertainty in logLhotlog(solLum)stat.errorfloatnullablelogLwarm[-0.12/8.5]? Log, SED-derived warm dust luminositylog(solLum)phys.luminosityfloatnullablee_logLwarm[0.06/1406]? Uncertainty in logwarmlog(solLum)stat.errorfloatnullablelogLcold[1/5.1]? Log, SED-derived cold dust luminositylog(solLum)phys.luminosityfloatnullablee_logLcold[0.09/2.6]? Uncertainty in logcoldlog(solLum)stat.errorfloatnullablelogLpah[-1.4/4.1]? Log, SED-derived PAH luminositylog(solLum)phys.luminosityfloatnullablee_logLpah[0.06/22]? Uncertainty in logpahlog(solLum)stat.errorfloatnullablelogMs[-0.12/2]? Log, derived stellar mass (2)log(solMass)phys.massfloatnullablee_logMs[0.01/1.1]? Uncertainty in logMslog(solMass)stat.errorfloatnullableAv[0/105] Dervied V-band extinctionmagphys.absorptionfloatRefReference (s) (3)meta.ref;pos.framecharIRCatDisplay data from Seale et al. 2014, J/AJ/148/124; Whitney et al. 2008, J/AJ/136/18 and Gruendl & Chu 2009, J/ApJS/184/172 within 1"meta.ref.urlcharZ04Display data from Zaritsky+ 2004, J/AJ/128/1606 within 3.5"meta.ref.urlcharJ/ApJ/953/104/table2Parameters for of the supergiant shellsSimbadSimbad column added by the CDSmeta.ref.urlcharrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintNameOriginal Name (1)meta.id;meta.maincharRAJ2000[4/5] Hour of Right Ascension (J2000)pos.eq.ra;meta.mainDEJ2000[65/70] Degree of Declination (J2000)pos.eq.dec;meta.mainamaj[14.7/56.6] Shell radius, major axisarcminphys.angSizefloatbmin[14.7/59] Shell radius, minor axisarcminphys.angSize;srcfloatPA[0/90] Position angle of Shell, east of northdegpos.posAngintNYSO[11/307] Number of YSOs present within Shellmeta.numberintR[-0.62/0.12] Correlation coefficient (2)stat.correlationfloatp[0.03/1] Calculated p value (2)stat.fit.goodnessfloat