J/ApJ/952/63ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJ/952/63doi:10.26093/cds/vizier/ba-xr-1zCDSGetman K.V.Feigelson E.D.Garmire G.P.2026-07-02T12:00:07Z2025-10-06T09:38:30ZCDS support team

CDS, Observatoire de Strasbourg, 11 rue de l'Universite, F-67000 Strasbourg, France

cds-question@unistra.frg-starspre-main-sequence-starsphotometryvisible-astronomyx-ray-sourcesstellar-massesstellar-ageseffective-temperatureWe study the four-dimensional relationships between magnetic activity, rotation, mass, and age for solar-type stars in the age range 5-25Myr. This is the late-pre-main-sequence (l-PMS) evolutionary phase when rapid changes in a star's interior may lead to changes in the magnetic dynamo mechanisms. We carefully derive rotational periods and spot sizes for 471 members of several l-PMS open clusters using photometric light curves from the Zwicky Transient Facility. Magnetic activity was measured in our previous Chandra-based study, and additional rotational data were obtained from other work. Several results emerge. Mass-dependent evolution of rotation through the l-PMS phase agrees with astrophysical models of stellar angular momentum changes, although the data suggest a subpopulation of stars with slower initial rotations than commonly assumed. There is a hint of the onset of unsaturated tachoclinal dependency of X-ray activity on rotation, as reported by Argiroffi+ (2016, J/A+A/589/A113), but this result is not confidently confirmed. Both X-ray luminosity and starspot area decrease approximately as t^-1^ for solar-mass stars, suggesting that spot magnetic fields are roughly constant and l-PMS stars follow the universal solar-scaling law between the X-ray luminosity and surface magnetic flux. Assuming convective dynamos are dominant, theoretical magnetic fluxes fail to reveal the universal law for l-PMS stars that enter late Henyey tracks. Altogether we emerge with a few lines of evidence suggesting that the transition from the turbulent to solar-type dynamo occurs at the later stages of l-PMS evolution as stars approach the zero-age main sequence.2023ApJ...952...63Ghttps://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/cat/J/ApJ/952/63CatalogResearchIsServedByTAP VizieR generic serviceIsServedByConesearch servicerelated-toB/chandra : The Chandra Archive Log (CXC, 1999-2014)I/355 : Gaia DR3 Part 1. Main source (Gaia Collaboration, 2022)J/ApJ/315/687 : X-Ray emission from solar-type stars: F & G (Maggio+, 1987)J/A+A/397/147 : Activity-rotation relationship in stars (Pizzolato+ 2003)J/MNRAS/384/675 : Monitoring low-mass stars in NGC 2362 (Irwin+ 2008)J/MNRAS/383/1588 : VIc photometry of NGC 2547 low-mass stars (Irwin+, 2008)J/ApJ/708/1760 : Flux estimations of faint X-ray sources (Getman+, 2010)J/ApJ/743/48 : Stars with rot. periods & X-ray luminosities (Wright+, 2011)J/A+A/539/A64 : X-ray data for IC 348 young stars (Alexander+, 2012)J/ApJ/747/51 : Lagoon Nebula stars. I. Rotation periods (Henderson+, 2012)J/MNRAS/430/1433 : NGC 2264 members periods with CoRoT (Affer+, 2013)J/ApJS/209/32 : Probable young stars in the MYStIX project (Broos+, 2013)J/A+A/560/A13 : Stellar rotation in h Per (Moraux+, 2013)J/A+A/549/A18 : WASP-30 and J1219-39 light & velocity curves (Triaud+, 2013)J/ApJ/787/108 : Age estimates for massive SFR stellar pop. (Getman+, 2014)J/ApJS/211/24 : Rotation periods of Kepler MS stars (McQuillan+, 2014)J/MNRAS/441/2361 : Stellar magnetism, age and rotation (Vidotto+, 2014)J/A+A/589/A113 : PMS stars in h Per (Argiroffi+, 2016)J/AJ/152/113 : Pleiades members with K2 LCs. I. Periods (Rebull+, 2016)J/ApJS/229/28 : SFiNCs: X-ray, IR and membership catalogs (Getman+, 2017)J/A+A/599/A49 : PMS stars evolutionary models (Kunitomo+, 2017)J/AJ/155/196 : K2 LCs for members of USco & {rho} Oph (Rebull+, 2018)J/MNRAS/477/5191 : Galactic young stellar cluster lifetimes (Richert+, 2018)J/A+A/631/A77 : Low-mass stellar models and isochrones (Amard+, 2019)J/AJ/158/58 : Autoregressive planet search with Kepler (Caceres+, 2019)J/MNRAS/487/2977 : Runaway stellar groups in the Orion A cloud (Getman+, 2019)J/ApJ/870/32 : Kinematics in young star clusters & assoc. (Kuhn+, 2019)J/AJ/160/44 : Upper Scorpius spectroscopy and photometry (Luhman+, 2020)J/ApJ/893/67 : Smoothed amplitudes from Kepler, K2 and TESS (Morris, 2020)J/AJ/159/273 : Taurus members & nonmembers with K2 data (Rebull+, 2020)J/ApJ/916/32 : X-ray superflares from MYStIX & SFiNCs (Getman+, 2021)J/ApJ/907/89 : Starspots's temp. and area in 337 KIC stars (Herbst+, 2021)J/MNRAS/513/420 : NGTS Variability Study (Briegal+, 2022)J/ApJ/935/43 : X-ray Sources Towards 10 Open Clusters (Getman+, 2022)J/AJ/164/137 : Untangling the Galaxy. IV. TESS (Kounkel+, 2022)J/AJ/164/251 : ZTF measured rot. period of 40553 M- or G-dwarfs (Lu+, 2022)J/A+A/663/A142 : GAPS programme at TNG. XXXIV. (Maldonado+, 2022)J/AJ/164/80 : Periods for UCL/LCC non/members (Rebull+, 2022)J/A+A/662/A41 : Magnetic fields in 292 M dwarfs. (Reiners+, 2022)J/MNRAS/519/5304 : Rossby numbers of convective stars (Landin+, 2023)https://cds.unistra.fr/vizier-org/licences_vizier.htmlhttps://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJ/952/63https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJ/952/63http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJ/952/63https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJ/952/63https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJ/952/63http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJ/952/63GETtext/xml+votablehttps://tapvizier.cds.unistra.fr/TAPVizieR/tapCone search capability for table J/ApJ/952/63/t1pap1 (The 10 late-PMS open clusters from Paper I (Getman+ 2022, J/ApJ/935/43) and the additional clusters; table added by CDS)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/952/63/t1pap1?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/952/63/t1pap1?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/952/63/t1pap1?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true61.95998462.3297680.005555555555555556Cone search capability for table J/ApJ/952/63/table1 (5-25Myr PMS stars with rotation and X-ray properties)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/952/63/table1?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/952/63/table1?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/952/63/table1?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true61.9715738962.278508060.005555555555555556Cone search capability for table J/ApJ/952/63/table3 (*Gaia-DR3 masses for stars with previously published rotation periods)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/952/63/table3?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/952/63/table3?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/952/63/table3?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true109.39510306-25.168670.005555555555555556Cone search capability for table J/ApJ/952/63/table4 (New HRD statuses for l-PMS stars from Paper I (Getman+ 2022, J/ApJ/935/43))https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/952/63/table4?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/952/63/table4?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/952/63/table4?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true61.9705938962.327418060.0055555555555555564/28 2663 2691 2695 2698 2711 2753 2772 5/91 94 116 118 120 5514 9492 10400 10402 10410-10411 10491-10494 10606 10642 10645-10646 10650-10651 10657 10661 10664 10666 10670-10672 10674 10678 10684 10689 10720 10733 10738 10745-10746 10750 10754 10756-10757 10759 10763 10772 10785-10790 10796 10798-10799 10801-10804 10807 10810 10812 10814 10822-10823 10832 10834 10836-10837 10840-10841 10848-10850 10852 10854 10856-10857 10866 10881-10885 11008 11021 11024 11026-11027 11033 11094 11096-11097 6/319 355 358 361 363 371 380-382 405 407 437 468 470-471 476 478 484-486 496 3256-3258 3384 23762-23763 23768-23769 24508 24510 29352 30721 30726 30728 37173 37179 37185 37190 37196-37197 37203 37205 37207 37212-37213 37227 37229 37245 37267 37296 37316 37322 37329 37865 37889-37890 37894 37901 37905 37907-37909 37912 37917 37919 37921-37922 37924 37928 37931 37948 37951-37952 37954-37957 37959-37960 37963 37965 37973-37975 37978 37980 37986-37987 37991 38000 38018-38019 38024-38025 38100 38144-38145 38148-38149 38151 38154 38159-38161 38163 38175 38177 38181 38184 38189 38191 38208 38242 38247 39907 39910 39913 41500 41509-41510 41513-41516 41518-41519 41522 41524 41526 41528 41530-41532 41546-41547 41568-41569 41574 41577 41583 41594 41604 41606-41607 41612-41613 41618 41622 41625 41630 41633-41634 41637 41650-41651 41658 41660-41662 41664-41665 41668 41670 41673 41677 41681 41683-41684 41687-41688 41690 41692 41694 41696 41698 41701 41703-41705 41708 41710-41711 41715 41719 41722-41723 41727 41781 41783 41814-41815 41821 41836 41857 41860 41864 41868 41872 41874-41875 41880 41884 41887 41890 41893-41895 41897-41899 41902-41903 41905 41908 41910-41911 41914-41916 41918-41919 41922 41924 41929 41934-41935 41938-41940 41944 41947 41950-41954 41956-41957 41959-41961 41980-41981 41983 42171 42174 42221-42223 42228 42239 42379 42382 42394 42399 42402-42405 42409-42410 42412-42413 42415 42417 42419 42421-42423 42428 42430-42431 42440-42441 42444 42466 42468 42473-42475 42500-42501 42509 42516 42519 42521 42523 42525-42527 42530 42534-42535 42541 42550 42552-42553 42555 42557 42559-42561 42563 42565-42566 42573-42574 42577-42579 42588-42590 42593-42595 42598 42627 42634-42635 42637 42640-42641 42648-42650 42652-42653 42655 42660 42662-42663 42668-42669 42671-42672 42674-42675 42692 42694-42695 42701-42704 42706-42709 42716 42719 42724-42725 42727 42730-42731 42740-42742 42748-42749 42752-42753 42755 42761-42762 42766 42768-42769 42774-42776 42778-42782 42784 42786 42788-42790 42792-42794 42800-42802 42804-42805 42816-42818 42825-42827 42888 42890 42903 42907-42908 42912 42914 42920 42928 42939 42941 42943 42945-42947 42950-42951 42956 42958-42959 42977-42979 42989-42991 42994 43009-43012 43014-43015 43020 43023 43032-43033 43035 43040-43042 43044 43046-43047 43049 43051 43072 43074 43076 43080 43082 43084 43086-43087 43093-43095 43098 43100-43101 43103-43105 43107 43109-43114 43116-43117 43119 43137-43139 43164-43166 43188-43190 43201-43203 43220 43222-43225 43227 43232-43233 43235-43238 43245-43247 43253-43255 43260-43261 43265-43270 43272-43273 43275-43278 43280 43282 43284-43285 43287 43297-43298 43300-43301 43304-43306 43308 43310-43311 43313-43317 43319 43322 43324 43332 43334-43335 43341-43343 43352 43354 43358-43359 43368-43370 43372-43373 43375 43404-43405 43407 43412-43413 43415 43420-43421 43432 43442-43446 43448 43457-43459 43461-43463 43468-43469 43471 43473 43481-43482 43484 43520 43522-43523 43546-43547 43549-43554 43556 43561 43563-43565 43571-43572 43574-43575 43580 43584-43585 43587-43589 43591-43593 43595-43596 43598-43599 43601-43603 43608-43609 43616 43626 43653 43657 43668 43682 43783 43789 44036 44038-44041 44043 44045-44047 44064-44066 44068-44069 44072 44077-44078 44081 44083 44088 44090 44092-44094 44100 44102-44103 44114 44120-44121 44128-44129 44136-44137 44140-44142 44146-44149 44152-44153 44165-44166 44304-44305 44307-44308 44310-44311 44316-44317 44319 44368 44370-44372 44374 44400-44401 44403-444041.9867573869263685e-19 3.916500758235022e-19https://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/moc/J/ApJ/952/63?format=asciiX-rayOpticaldefaultJ/ApJ/952/63/t1pap1The 10 late-PMS open clusters from Paper I (Getman+ 2022, J/ApJ/935/43) and the additional clusters; table added by CDSrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintClusterCluster identifiermeta.id;meta.maincharprimarySimbadSimbad column added by the CDSmeta.ref.urlchar_RA.icrsRight ascension (ICRS) (computed by VizieR, not part of the original data. The format may include more digits than the original data because of internal accuracy requirements in VizieR and across other CDS services)degpos.eq.raindexed_DE.icrsDeclination (ICRS) (computed by VizieR, not part of the original data. The format may include more digits than the original data because of internal accuracy requirements in VizieR and across other CDS services)degpos.eq.decindexedONameOther cluster identifiermeta.idcharf_Cluster[ia] Flag on Cluster (1)meta.codecharGLON[134.6/351.5] Galactic longitude for the cluster centerdegpos.galactic.lonGLAT[-23.6/20] Galactic latitude for the cluster centerdegpos.galactic.latNm[104/1968]? Total number of cluster members identified across entire Chandra fieldsmeta.numberintnullableNmcent[90/1291]? Stellar members located in the central parts of the clustersmeta.numberintnullableNztfNumber of members with ZTF data (link to Table 1)meta.numberintnullableNaddNumber of additional members with previously published rotation periods (link to Table 3)meta.numberintnullableDist[319/2552]? Median cluster distance from the Sunpcpos.distance;stat.median;pos.heliocentricintnullablee_Dist[1/34]? 68% bootstrap error on Distpcstat.error;pos.distance;stat.medianintnullableAv[0.2/2.1]? Cluster average extinction in visual bandmagphys.absorption;stat.meanfloatnullableAge[7/25]? Cluster ageMyrtime.ageintnullableMlim[0.4/1]? Mass completeness limits for our cluster member samplessolMassphys.mass;stat.maxfloatnullableJ/ApJ/952/63/table15-25Myr PMS stars with rotation and X-ray propertiesClusterCluster identifiermeta.id.parentcharrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintSeq[1/566] Sequential source numbermeta.id;meta.mainintRAJ2000[34.4/110] Gaia DR3 Right Ascension (J2000)degpos.eq.ra;meta.mainDEJ2000[-25.1/62.6] Gaia DR3 Declination (J2000)degpos.eq.dec;meta.mainlogTeff[3.48/4.3] Log effective temperature (1)log(K)phys.temperature.effectivefloatMass[0.27/6.5] Mass (1)solMassphys.massfloatlogLbol[-1.5/3.2] Log bolometric luminosity (1)log(solLum)phys.luminosityfloatPRot[0.2/32.51] Rotation period (2)dtime.periodfloatAmp[0.002/0.4] Peak-to-peak photometric amplitude (3)magsrc.var.amplitudefloatlogLx[28.7/31.5]? Log Chandra 0.5-8keV X-ray luminosity; erg/slog(1e-07W)phys.luminosity;em.X-rayfloatnullablelogLxup[28.47/30.4]? Upper log Chandra 0.5-8keV X-ray luminosity limit; erg/slog(1e-07W)phys.luminosity;em.X-ray;stat.maxfloatnullabletau[6.2/403.7]? Convective turnover timescale (4)dtime.scalefloatnullablePapIDisplay data from Paper I (Getman+ 2022, J/ApJ/935/43)meta.ref.urlintnullableJ/ApJ/952/63/table3*Gaia-DR3 masses for stars with previously published rotation periodsClusterCluster identifiermeta.id.parentcharB-R[-0.05/4.8] Gaia DR3 (Blue-Red) passband colormagphot.color;em.opt.B;em.opt.Rfloate_B-R[0.005/0.1] Uncertainty in B-Rmagstat.error;phot.color;em.opt.BfloatlogTeff[3.4/4.24] Log effective temperature (1)log(K)phys.temperature.effectivefloatMass[0.06/5] Mass (1)solMassphys.massfloatlogLbol[-2.54/2.8] Log Bolometric luminosity (1)log(solLum)phys.luminosity;phot.flux.bolfloatPRot[0.04/27.1] Rotation period (2)dtime.periodfloatAmp[0.002/0.6]? Peak-to-peak photometric amplitude (3)magsrc.var.amplitudefloatnullableGaiaDisplay data from Gaia DR3 (I/355) within 1.5"meta.ref.urlcharrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintRAJ2000[34.48/259] Gaia DR3 Right Ascension (J2000)degpos.eq.ra;meta.mainDEJ2000[-72.7/57.3] Gaia DR3 Declination (J2000)degpos.eq.dec;meta.mainGmag[5.8/20.1] Gaia DR3 G band magnitudemagphot.mag;em.optfloate_Gmag[0.003/0.03] Uncertainty in Gmagmagstat.error;phot.mag;em.optfloatJ/ApJ/952/63/table4New HRD statuses for l-PMS stars from Paper I (Getman+ 2022, J/ApJ/935/43)recnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintClusterCluster identifiermeta.id;meta.maincharRAJ2000[34.4/194] Gaia DR3 Right Ascension (J2000)degpos.eq.ra;meta.mainDEJ2000[-61.8/62.6] Gaia DR3 Declination (J2000)degpos.eq.dec;meta.mainphHRD[1/13.54] Updated stellar evolutionary phase (1)stat.valuefloatPapIDisplay data from Paper I (Getman+ 2022, J/ApJ/935/43)meta.ref.urlintnullable