J/ApJ/950/148ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJ/950/148doi:10.26093/cds/vizier/ba-xp-4mCDSMorii K.Sanhueza P.Nakamura F.Zhang Q.Sabatini G.Beuther H.,Lu X.Li S.Garay G.Jackson J.M.Olguin F.A.Tafoya D.,Tatematsu K.Izumi N.Sakai T.Silva A.2026-07-02T11:59:33Z2025-09-05T13:49:25ZCDS support team

CDS, Observatoire de Strasbourg, 11 rue de l'Universite, F-67000 Strasbourg, France

cds-question@unistra.frstar-forming-regionsmillimeter-astronomysubmillimeter-astronomygalaxy-kinematicsinterferometryThe initial conditions found in infrared dark clouds (IRDCs) provide insights on how high-mass stars and stellar clusters form. We have conducted high-angular resolution and high-sensitivity observations toward thirty-nine massive IRDC clumps, which have been mosaicked using the 12 and 7m arrays from the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array. The targets are 70{mu}m dark massive (220-4900M_{sun}_), dense (>10^4^cm^-3^), and cold (~10-20K) clumps located at distances between 2 and 6kpc. We identify an unprecedented number of 839 cores, with masses between 0.05 and 81M_{sun}_ using 1.3mm dust continuum emission. About 55% of the cores are low-mass (<1M_{sun}_), whereas <~1% (7/839) are high-mass (>~27M_{sun}_). We detect no high-mass prestellar cores. The most massive cores (MMC) identified within individual clumps lack sufficient mass to form high-mass stars without additional mass feeding. We find that the mass of the MMCs is correlated with the clump surface density, implying denser clumps produce more massive cores. There is no significant mass segregation except for a few tentative detections. In contrast, most clumps show segregation once the clump density is considered instead of mass. Although the dust continuum emission resolves clumps in a network of filaments, some of which consist of hub-filament systems, the majority of the MMCs are not found in the hubs. Our analysis shows that high-mass cores and MMCs have no preferred location with respect to low-mass cores at the earliest stages of high-mass star formation.2023ApJ...950..148Mhttps://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/cat/J/ApJ/950/148CatalogResearchIsServedByTAP VizieR generic serviceIsServedByConesearch servicerelated-toJ/A+A/291/943 : Protostellar cores (Ossenkopf+, 1994)J/ApJ/646/1009 : Structures of dust in Perseus molecular cloud (Kirk+, 2006)J/ApJ/641/389 : Millimetric observations of IRDC cores (Rathborne+, 2006)J/A+A/487/993 : MAMBO Mapping of c2d Clouds and Cores (Kauffmann+, 2008)J/ApJS/197/25 : MALT90 pilot survey (Foster+, 2011)J/ApJ/756/60 : A 3mm line survey in 37 IR dark clouds (Sanhueza+, 2012)J/A+A/553/A115 : Millimetric and far-IR maps of IRDC 18310-4 (Beuther+, 2013)J/A+A/561/A83 : SDC13 infrared dark clouds spectra (Peretto+, 2014)J/MNRAS/443/1555 : ATLASGAL massive star forming clumps (Urquhart+, 2014)J/A+A/581/A119 : Starless gas clump IRDC 18310-4 images (Beuther+, 2015)J/ApJ/815/130 : High-mass molecular clumps from MALT90 (Guzman+, 2015)J/MNRAS/450/1926 : Infall motions in massive star-forming regions (He+, 2015)J/MNRAS/451/3089 : Young clumps embedded in IRDC (Traficante+, 2015)J/A+A/600/L10 : Massive cluster progenitors from ATLASGAL (Csengeri+, 2017)J/AJ/154/140 : MALT90 kinematic dist. to molecular clumps (Whitaker+, 2017)J/ApJS/237/27 : Radio Ammonia Mid-plane Survey pilot survey (Hogge+, 2018)J/ApJ/862/105 : Core mass function across Gal. env. II. IRDCs (Liu+, 2018)J/MNRAS/473/1059 : Complete sample of Gal. clump properties (Urquhart+, 2018)J/A+A/613/A11 : SDC13 NH_3_(1,1) and NH_3_(2,2) datacubes (Williams+, 2018)J/A+A/622/A99 : Starless MDCs of NGC6334 molecular spectra (Louvet+, 2019)J/ApJ/886/102 : ALMA obs. of 70um dark high-mass clumps (Sanhueza+, 2019)J/A+A/635/A34 : Dense cores in Orion B from Herschel (Konyves+, 2020)J/A+A/642/A87 : Hub-filament candidates (Kumar+, 2020)J/A+A/635/A2 : NGC6334 ALMA 87.6GHz cont. emission map (Sadaghiani+, 2020)J/MNRAS/503/4601 : ALMA-IRDC from cloud to core scales (Barnes+, 2021)J/A+A/645/A94 : NGC 2264 clumps column densities (Nony+, 2021)J/A+A/664/A26 : W43-MM2&MM3 ministarburst ALMA data (Pouteau+, 2022)J/ApJ/936/80 : ASHES. VI. Core-Scale CO Depletion (Sabatini+, 2022)https://cds.unistra.fr/vizier-org/licences_vizier.htmlhttps://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJ/950/148https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJ/950/148http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJ/950/148https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJ/950/148https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJ/950/148http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJ/950/148GETtext/xml+votablehttps://tapvizier.cds.unistra.fr/TAPVizieR/tapCone search capability for table J/ApJ/950/148/clumps (Physical properties of ASHES clumps (Table 1), observational parameters and information of continuum images (Table 2) and properties of cores in each clump (Table 5))https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/950/148/clumps?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/950/148/clumps?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/950/148/clumps?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true272.5277083-19.46408330.005555555555555556Cone search capability for table J/ApJ/950/148/cores (Core properties obtained from dendrogram (Table 3) and physical parameters (Table 4))https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/950/148/cores?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/950/148/cores?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/950/148/cores?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true272.5280417-19.46273610.0055555555555555566/29097 29115 29118 29504 29508 29510 29529 29532 29535 30218 30256 30258 30268 30313 30318-30319 30417 41653 41655 41814 42170 42172 42207 42215 42226 42378-42379 42390 42392https://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/moc/J/ApJ/950/148?format=asciiMillimeterdefaultJ/ApJ/950/148/clumpsPhysical properties of ASHES clumps (Table 1), observational parameters and information of continuum images (Table 2) and properties of cores in each clump (Table 5)recnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintClumpClump ATLASGAL catalog name (G1)meta.id;meta.maincharprimaryRA_ICRS[13/18] Hour of Right Ascension (ICRS)pos.eq.ra;meta.mainDE_ICRSDegree of Declination (ICRS)pos.eq.dec;meta.maindV[0.9/2.8] Observed velocity dispersion (1)km/sphys.veloc.dispersionfloatDist[2.4/6.1] Distance from the Sun (2)kpcpos.distance;pos.heliocentricfloatTcl[10.3/21.2] Clump dust temperature (3)Kphys.temperaturefloatMref[423/15276] Reference mass (4)solMassphys.massintSimbadSimbad column added by the CDSmeta.ref.urlcharRcl[0.24/0.76] Clump radius (5)pcphys.size.radiusfloatMcl[200/4900] Clump mass (5)solMassphys.massintSigmacl[0.12/1.11] Clump surface density (5)g.cm**-2src.density;phys.densityfloatnH2[1/13.3] Clump molecular volume density (5)10000cm**-3phys.volume;phys.densityfloatBaseBaselines, in metersminstr.baselinecharConfigConfigurationsinstr.setupcharAntennasNumber (or range) of antennas (1)instr.setupcharMaj[1.24/1.52] Beam Size, major axisarcsecphys.angSize;phys.size.diameter;instr.beamfloatMin[0.8/1.3] Beam Size, minor axisarcsecphys.angSize;instr.beamfloatRatio[1.1/6.1] Flux ratio, F12m + F7m / F12m, Section 4.1phot.flux;arith.ratiofloatFrecov[7/45] Recoverable fraction, ALMA to Single dish, Section 4.1%arith.ratiointRMS[0.07/0.2] Continuum sensitivity, RMS NoisemJy/beamstat.stdevfloatNcore[8/39] Total number of cores identified in each clumpmeta.numberintMmax[1.7/81.1] Maximum core masssolMassphys.mass;stat.maxfloatMmed[0.2/3.83] Median core masssolMassphys.mass;stat.medianfloatMmin[0.05/1.31] Minimum core masssolMassphys.mass;stat.minfloatM3.5sig[0.05/0.6] Mass sensitivity in each clump (1)solMassphys.massfloatCFE[0.6/16.4] Core formation efficiency (2)%phys.SFR;arith.ratiofloatJ/ApJ/950/148/coresCore properties obtained from dendrogram (Table 3) and physical parameters (Table 4)ClumpClump ATLASGAL catalog name (G1)meta.id.parentcharMcore[0.05/81.1] Core masssolMassphys.massfloatNH2pk[0.07/18.4] Column density at continuum peak in a unit of 10^23^cm^-2^1e+23cm**-2phys.columnDensityfloatRad[830/10930] Core radius, the geometric mean of the FWHM divided by 2.auphys.size.radiusintSigma[0.05/9.7] Surface densityg.cm**-2src.densityfloatnH2[0.1/29] Molecular volume density1e+06cm**-3phys.volume;phys.densityfloatrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintSeq[0/838] Sequential identifiermeta.id;meta.mainintCoreCore name (Unique within Clump)meta.id.part;meta.maincharRA_ICRS[13/18] Hour of Right Ascension (ICRS)pos.eq.ra;meta.mainDE_ICRSDegree of Declination (ICRS)pos.eq.dec;meta.mainmaj[0.67/7.14] Major axis of cores (FWHM)arcsecphys.angSizefloatmin[0.36/4.23] Minor axis of cores (FWHM)arcsecphys.angSizefloatFpeak[0.26/40.8] Peak intensitymJy/beamphot.flux.density;em.mm.200-400GHzfloatFint[0.25/67.5] Flux DensitymJyphot.flux.density;em.mm.200-400GHzfloatTdust[6.5/22.8] Dust temperature used for mass calculationKphys.temperaturefloat