J/ApJ/949/109ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJ/949/109doi:10.26093/cds/vizier/ba-xn-3dCDSLi S.Sanhueza P.Zhang Q.Guido G.Sabatini G.Morii K.Lu X.,Tafoya D.Nakamura F.Izumi N.Tatematsu K.Li F.2026-07-02T11:59:08Z2025-08-28T13:57:53ZCDS support team

CDS, Observatoire de Strasbourg, 11 rue de l'Universite, F-67000 Strasbourg, France

cds-question@unistra.frmolecular-cloudsgalaxy-kinematicsstar-forming-regionsinterstellar-mediummillimeter-astronomysubmillimeter-astronomyWe present dynamical properties of 294 cores embedded in twelve IRDCs observed as part of the ASHES Survey. Protostellar cores have higher gas masses, surface densities, column densities, and volume densities than prestellar cores, indicating core mass growth from the prestellar to the protostellar phase. We find that ~80% of cores with virial parameter ({alpha}) measurements are gravitationally bound ({alpha}<2). We also find an anticorrelation between the mass and the virial parameter of cores, with massive cores having on average lower virial parameters. Protostellar cores are more gravitationally bound than prestellar cores, with an average virial parameter of 1.2 and 1.5, respectively. The observed nonthermal velocity dispersion (from N_2_D+ or DCO^+^) is consistent with simulations in which turbulence is continuously injected, whereas the core-to-core velocity dispersion is neither in agreement with driven nor decaying turbulence simulations. We find a not significant increment in the line velocity dispersion from prestellar to protostellar cores, suggesting that the dense gas within the core traced by these deuterated molecules is not yet severely affected by turbulence injected from outflow activity at the early evolutionary stages traced in ASHES. The most massive cores are strongly self-gravitating and have greater surface density, Mach number, and velocity dispersion than cores with lower masses. Dense cores do not have significant velocity shifts relative to their low-density envelopes, suggesting that dense cores are comoving with their envelopes. We conclude that the observed core properties are more in line with the predictions of clump-fed scenarios rather than with those of core-fed scenarios.2023ApJ...949..109Lhttps://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/cat/J/ApJ/949/109CatalogResearchIsServedByTAP VizieR generic serviceIsServedByConesearch servicerelated-toJ/ApJ/566/945 : Massive star forming regions at 1.2mm (Beuther+, 2002)J/ApJ/646/1009 : Structures of dust in Perseus molecular cloud (Kirk+, 2006)J/ApJ/653/1325 : Galactic distribution of infrared dark clouds (Simon+, 2006)J/ApJ/684/1240 : Prestellar cores in Perseus, Serpens & Oph (Enoch+, 2008)J/A+A/487/993 : MAMBO Mapping of c2d Clouds and Cores (Kauffmann+, 2008)J/ApJ/699/1092 : Giant molecular clouds (SRBY) (Heyer+, 2009)J/ApJS/197/25 : MALT90 pilot survey (Foster+, 2011)J/ApJ/756/60 : A 3mm line survey in 37 IR dark clouds (Sanhueza+, 2012)J/A+A/549/A45 : ATLASGAL Compact Source Catalog: 330<l<21 (Contreras+, 2013)J/ApJ/790/84 : Ammonia in high-mass star formation regions (Lu+, 2014)J/ApJ/815/130 : High-mass molecular clumps from MALT90 (Guzman+, 2015)J/MNRAS/456/2041 : Fragmentation in filamentary MoCs (Contreras+ 2016)J/other/PASA/33.30 : MALT90 Catalogue (Rathborne+, 2016)J/A+A/600/L10 : Massive cluster progenitors from ATLASGAL (Csengeri+, 2017)J/AJ/154/140 : MALT90 kinematic dist. to molecular clumps (Whitaker+, 2017)J/MNRAS/477/2220 : Larson relations in massive clumps (Traficante+, 2018)J/MNRAS/483/3146 : Young stellar objects NH3 mapping (Billington+, 2019)J/ApJ/886/102 : ALMA obs. of 70um dark clumps (ASHES) (Sanhueza+, 2019)J/MNRAS/496/2790 : ATOMS I. A first look at G9.62+0.19 (Liu+, 2020)J/MNRAS/503/4601 : ALMA-IRDC from cloud to core scales (Barnes+, 2021)J/ApJ/912/156 : Core kinematics in the Dragon IRDC from ALMA (Kong+, 2021)J/ApJ/936/80 : ASHES. VI. Core-Scale CO Depletion (Sabatini+, 2022)J/ApJS/264/35 : C^18^O dense cores in Orion A MoC (Takemura+, 2023)https://cds.unistra.fr/vizier-org/licences_vizier.htmlhttps://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJ/949/109https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJ/949/109http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJ/949/109https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJ/949/109https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJ/949/109http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJ/949/109GETtext/xml+votablehttps://tapvizier.cds.unistra.fr/TAPVizieR/tapCone search capability for table J/ApJ/949/109/table1 (Summary of IRDC clump properties)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/949/109/table1?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/949/109/table1?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/949/109/table1?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true272.5291667-19.46333330.0055555555555555566/29097 29115 30256 41814 42170 42172 42207 42226 42379 42392https://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/moc/J/ApJ/949/109?format=asciiMillimeterdefaultJ/ApJ/949/109/table1Summary of IRDC clump propertiesrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintNcNumber of cores for this IRDC (link to Tables 2+3)meta.numberintnullableAGALClump name (GLLL.lll+BB.bbb)meta.id;meta.maincharSNameShort clump name used in this article (GLLL.ll)meta.idcharprimaryDist[2.9/5.4] Distancekpcpos.distancefloatMgas[0.6/5.2] Clump gas mass1000solMassphys.massfloatSimbadSimbad column added by the CDSmeta.ref.urlchare_Mgas[0.1/1.1] Uncertainty in Mgas1000solMassstat.error;phys.massfloatMvir[0.1/4.4] Virial mass1000solMassphys.massfloate_Mvir[0.1/1] Uncertainty in Mvir1000solMassstat.error;phys.massfloataVir[0.2/5.7] Virial parameter, {alpha}phys.mass;arith.ratiofloate_aVir[0.1/1.7] Uncertainty in aVirstat.error;phys.mass;arith.ratiofloatvLSR[-87.9/80] Source velocitykm/sphys.veloc;pos.lsrfloatsigma[0.56/3.1] Velocity dispersion (1)km/sphys.veloc.dispersionfloate_sigma[0.05/0.2] Uncertainty in sigmakm/sstat.error;phys.veloc.dispersionfloat_RARight Ascension (J2000) from SIMBAD (not part of the original data)degpos.eq.ra;meta.main_DEDeclination (J2000) from SIMBAD (not part of the original data)degpos.eq.dec;meta.mainJ/ApJ/949/109/coresSummary of dense cores properties (Table 2) and N2D+ and DCO+ lines properties (Table 3)SNameShort name of the parental IRDC as given in Table 1 (G1)meta.idchare_M-N2D+[0.06/0.71]? Uncertainty in M-N2D+stat.error;phys.veloc;arith.difffloatnullableTa-DCO+[0.1/1.83]? Antenna temperature, DCO+Kphot.antennaTempfloatnullablee_Ta-DCO+[0.01/0.2]? Uncertainty in Ta-DCO+Kstat.error;phot.antennaTempfloatnullablevLSR-DCO+[-88.2/80]? Core central velocitykm/sphys.veloc;pos.lsrfloatnullablee_vLSR-DCO+[0.02/0.2]? Uncertainty in vLSR-DCO+km/sstat.error;phys.veloc;pos.lsrfloatnullablesig-DCO+[0.1/0.6]? Observed velocity dispersion, DCO+km/sphys.veloc.dispersionfloatnullablee_sig-DCO+[0.03/0.4]? Uncertainty in sigma-DCO+km/sstat.error;phys.veloc.dispersionfloatnullablesign-DCO+[0.03/0.6]? Non-thermal linewidth, DCO+km/sspect.line.widthfloatnullablee_sign-DCO+[0.03/0.4]? Uncertainty in sigma-nth-DCO+km/sstat.error;spect.line.widthfloatnullableM-DCO+[0.13/2.6]? Mach number, DCO+phys.veloc;arith.difffloatnullablee_M-DCO+[0.13/1.9]? Uncertainty in M-DCO+stat.error;phys.veloc;arith.difffloatnullablerecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintCore[1/39] Core number in Clumpmeta.id.part;meta.mainintMgas[0.05/31.7] Core gas masssolMassphys.massfloatRcore[0.004/0.05] Core radius, parsecpcphys.size.radiusfloatNH2pk[0.06/4.95] Peak H2 density1e+23cm**-2phys.columnDensityfloatSigma[0.06/3.4] Core-averaged surface densityg.cm**-2phot.flux.density.sbfloatTNH3[6.5/22.8] Gas temperature derived from NH3Kphys.temperaturefloatsigTot[0.2/0.8]? Total velocity dispersion, from N2D+ or DCO+km/sphys.veloc.dispersionfloatnullableMvir[0.2/8.61]? Core virial masssolMassphys.massfloatnullableaVir[0.15/9.4]? Virial parameterphys.mass;arith.ratiofloatnullableaG[0.7/45.8] Gravitational acceleration parameterpc.Myr**-2phys.acceleration;phys.gravityfloataK[2.36/83]? Kinetic acceleration parameterpc.Myr**-2phys.accelerationfloatnullableSF[0/3]? Star formation category (1)meta.code;srcintnullableTa-N2D+[0.1/1.8]? Antenna temperature, N2D+Kphot.antennaTempfloatnullablee_Ta-N2D+[0.02/0.2]? Uncertainty in Ta-N2D+Kstat.error;phot.antennaTempfloatnullablevLSR-N2D+[-88.4/81]? Core central velocitykm/sphys.veloc;pos.lsrfloatnullablee_vLSR-N2D+[0.01/0.2]? Uncertainty in vLSR-N2D+km/sstat.error;phys.veloc;pos.lsrfloatnullablesig-N2D+[0.1/0.8]? Observed velocity dispersion, N2D+km/sphys.veloc.dispersionfloatnullablee_sig-N2D+[0.01/0.2]? Uncertainty in sigma-N2D+km/sstat.error;phys.veloc.dispersionfloatnullablesign-N2D+[0.03/0.8]? Non-thermal linewidth, N2D+km/sspect.line.widthfloatnullablee_sign-N2D+[0.01/0.2]? Uncertainty in sigma-nth-N2D+km/sstat.error;spect.line.widthfloatnullableM-N2D+[0.16/4.6]? Mach number, N2D+phys.veloc;arith.difffloatnullable