J/ApJ/944/26ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJ/944/26doi:10.26093/cds/vizier.19440026CDSNayak O.Green A.Hirschauer A.S.Indebetouw R.Meixner M.Wong T.,Chevance M.De Marchi G.Lebouteiller V.Lee M.-Y.Looney L.W.,Madden S.C.Roman-Duval J.Fukui Y.Hacar A.Jameson K.E.Kalari V.,Oudshoorn L.Rubio M.Sabbi E.2025-05-21T20:14:50Z2025-02-25T14:54:36ZCDS support team

CDS, Observatoire de Strasbourg, 11 rue de l'Universite, F-67000 Strasbourg, France

cds-question@unistra.fryoung-stellar-objectsinterstellar-mediuminfrared-photometrymillimeter-astronomyphotometrysubmillimeter-astronomyco-line-emissionstar-forming-regionsstellar-massesstellar-radiiIn this work, we present 299 candidate young stellar objects (YSOs) in 30 Doradus discovered using Spitzer and Herschel point-source catalogs, 276 of which are new. We study the parental giant molecular clouds in which these YSO candidates form using recently published Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) Cycle 7 observations of ^12^CO and ^13^CO. The threshold for star formation in 30 Doradus inferred by the LTE-based mass surface density is 178M_{sun}_/pc^2^, 40% higher than the threshold for star formation in the Milky Way. This increase in star formation threshold in comparison to the Milky Way and increase in line width seen in clumps 11pc away in comparison to clumps 45pc away from the R136 super star cluster could be due to injected turbulent energy, increase in interstellar medium pressure, and/or local magnetic field strength. Of the 299 YSO candidates in this work, 62% are not associated with ^12^CO molecular gas. This large fraction can be explained by the fact that 75%-97% of the H2 gas is not traced by CO. We fit a Kroupa initial mass function to the YSO candidates and find that the total integrated stellar mass is 18000M_{sun}_ and that the region has a star formation rate (SFR) of 0.18M_{sun}_/yr. The initial mass function determined here applies to the four 150"x150" (37.5pcx37.5pc) subfields and one 150"x75" (37.5pcx18.8pc) subfield observed with ALMA. The SFR in 30 Doradus has increased in the past few million years.2023ApJ...944...26Nhttps://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/cat/J/ApJ/944/26CatalogResearchIsServedByTAP VizieR generic serviceIsServedByConesearch servicerelated-toII/288 : IRSF Magellanic Clouds Point Source Catalog (Kato+ 2007)II/305 : SAGE LMC and SMC IRAC Source Catalog (IPAC 2009)VI/139 : Herschel Observation Log (Herschel Science Centre, 2013)J/AJ/132/2268 : SAGE calibration stars (Meixner+, 2006)J/ApJ/686/948 : CO in extragalactic giant molecular clouds (Bolatto+, 2008)J/AJ/135/726 : Spitzer SAGE observations of LMC PNe (Hora+, 2008)J/AJ/136/18 : LMC SAGE. New candidate YSOs (Whitney+, 2008)J/ApJ/705/144 : Molecular and atomic gas in the LMC. II. (Fukui+, 2009)J/ApJS/184/172 : High- and intermediate-mass YSOs in the LMC (Gruendl+, 2009)J/ApJ/699/1092 : Giant molecular clouds (SRBY) (Heyer+, 2009)J/ApJ/699/150 : Spectral classif. of Massive YSOs in LMC (Seale+, 2009)J/ApJ/723/1019 : Galactic SFR and gas surface densities (Heiderman+, 2010)J/ApJS/197/16 : CO obs. of LMC molecular clouds (MAGMA). (Wong+, 2011)J/A+A/542/A66 : YSOs in 9 LMC star forming regions (Carlson+, 2012)J/ApJ/761/37 : CO obs. in giant molecular clouds of M33 (Miura+, 2012)J/ApJ/774/73 : ALMA CO observations of 30 Dor (Indebetouw+, 2013)J/AJ/146/62 : HERschel HERITAGE in Magellanic Clouds (Meixner+, 2013)J/ApJ/778/15 : SAGE-SMC III. Young stellar objects (Sewilo+, 2013)J/AJ/148/124 : Herschel key program Heritage (Seale+, 2014)J/ApJ/803/16 : Giant MCs in NGC4526 based on ^12^CO (Utomo+, 2015)J/MNRAS/4/3250 : SAGE LMC point-sources classification (Jones+, 2017)J/ApJ/857/19 : ALMA view of GMCs in NGC 300 (Faesi+, 2018)J/ApJ/854/154 : N159 ^12^CO and ^13^CO (2-1) clumps (Nayak+, 2018)J/MNRAS/498/4906 : Pressure components in central HII regions (Barnes+, 2020)J/ApJ/901/L8 : Molecular gas data of 70 PHANGS-ALMA galaxies (Sun+, 2020)J/ApJS/254/3 : CO obs. of molecular clouds in the MW midplane (Ma+, 2021)J/ApJ/932/47 : ALMA CO obs. of the 30 Dor MoC complex (Wong+, 2022)https://cds.unistra.fr/vizier-org/licences_vizier.htmlhttps://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJ/944/26https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJ/944/26http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJ/944/26https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJ/944/26https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJ/944/26http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJ/944/26GETtext/xml+votablehttps://tapvizier.cds.unistra.fr/TAPVizieR/tapCone search capability for table J/ApJ/944/26/sources (2MASS, IRAC, MIR-FIR photometry and reduce chi2 of the point sources (Tables 1-3))https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/944/26/sources?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/944/26/sources?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/944/26/sources?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true84.71366611-69.042588060.0055555555555555566/330943.2031150387835462e-22 1.7003137259100215e-19https://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/moc/J/ApJ/944/26?format=asciiInfraredMillimeterRadiodefaultJ/ApJ/944/26/sources2MASS, IRAC, MIR-FIR photometry and reduce chi2 of the point sources (Tables 1-3)FH[0.1/492]? 2MASS H band fluxmJyphot.flux.density;em.IR.Hdoublenullablee_FH[0.02/20.4]? Error in FHmJystat.error;phot.flux.density;em.IR.HfloatnullableFKs[0.1/475]? 2MASS K_s_ band fluxmJyphot.flux.density;em.IR.Kdoublenullablee_FKs[0.03/14.4]? Error in FKsmJystat.error;phot.flux.density;em.IR.KfloatnullableF3.6um[0.03/289]? Spitzer/IRAC 3.6 micron fluxmJyphot.flux;em.IR.3-4umdoublenullablee_F3.6um[0.005/12.3]? Error in F3.6ummJystat.error;phot.flux;em.IR.3-4umfloatnullablerecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintNameSource identifier (Y1 to Y488)meta.id;meta.maincharprimaryYSODisplay this YSO candidate data (link to Table 4)meta.ref.urlcharRAJ2000[84.5/84.83] Right ascension (J2000)degpos.eq.ra;meta.mainDEJ2000[-69.2/-69] Declination (J2000)degpos.eq.dec;meta.mainFJ[0.07/341]? 2MASS J band fluxmJyphot.flux.density;em.IR.Jdoublenullablee_FJ[0.01/7]? Error in FJmJystat.error;phot.flux.density;em.IR.JfloatnullableF4.5um[0.02/196]? Spitzer/IRAC 4.5 micron fluxmJyphot.flux;em.IR.4-8umdoublenullablee_F4.5um[0.005/14]? Error in F4.5ummJystat.error;phot.flux;em.IR.4-8umfloatnullableF5.8um[0.07/181]? Spitzer/IRAC 5.8 micron fluxmJyphot.flux;em.IR.4-8umdoublenullablee_F5.8um[0.02/19]? Error in F5.8ummJystat.error;phot.flux;em.IR.4-8umfloatnullableF8umJ/ApJ/944/26/table4Properties of likely YSOs ranked from most massive to least massive12COIs YSO is associated with ^12^CO?meta.codecharNameSource identifier (nos among Y1 to Y487)meta.id;meta.maincharrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintRad[0.9/100] Best-fit source radiussolRadphys.size.radiusfloate_Rad[0/45] Error in Rad (1)solRadstat.errorfloatTeff[2260/27300] Best-fit source temperatureKphys.temperature.effectivedoublee_Teff[0/9200] Error in Teff (1)Kstat.error;phys.temperature.effectivedoublee_Lum[0/232000] Error in Lum (1)solLumstat.error;phys.luminositydoubleMass[3.9/38.5] Best-fit source mass (2)solMassphys.massfloate_Mass[0/10.2] Error in Mass (1)solMassstat.error;phys.massfloatLum[114/353000] Best-fit source luminosity (3)solLumphys.luminositydouble13COIs YSO is associated with ^13^CO?meta.codecharJ/ApJ/944/26/table6YSO Candidates associated with the smallest ^12^CO virial mass clumprecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintNameYSO identifier (nos among Y2 to Y484)meta.id;meta.maincharMyso[3.9/32.8] YSO masssolMassphys.massfloat12COID[40/3455] YSO ^12^CO clump identifier (G1)meta.id.crossintMvir12CO[15.3/287000] The ^12^CO clump virial masssolMassphys.mass;phys.virial;em.line.COdoublee_Mvir12CO[0.016/1] Error in Mvir12COsolMassstat.error;phys.mass;phys.virialdoubleMden12CO[23.7/2210] The ^12^CO virial mass surface densitysolMass.pc**-2phot.flux.density.sb;phys.virial;em.line.COdoublee_Mden12CO[0.016/1] Error in Mden12COsolMass.pc**-2stat.error;phot.flux.density.sb;phys.virialdoubleMlum12CO[0.46/61100] Luminosity-based mass (G2)(1)solMassphys.mass;em.line.COdoublee_Mlum12CO[0.1/0.3] Error in Mlum12COsolMassstat.error;phys.mass;em.line.COdoubleMlumden[2.12/674] Luminosity-based mass surface density (G2)solMass.pc**-2phot.flux.density.sbdoublee_Mlumden[0.1/0.3] Error in MlumdensolMass.pc**-2stat.error;phot.flux.density.sbdoubleJ/ApJ/944/26/table7YSO candidates associated with the smallest ^13^CO clump calculated using the LTE massNameYSO identifier (nos among Y3 to Y474)meta.id;meta.maincharrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintMyso[4.5/29] YSO masssolMassphys.massfloat13COID[10/654] YSO ^13^CO clump identifier (G1)meta.id.crossintMlte13CO[11.13/12500] The ^13^CO LTE masssolMassphys.mass;em.line.COdoublee_Mlte13CO[0.002/0.14] Error in 13CO-MasssolMassstat.error;phys.mass;em.line.COdoubleMden13CO[42.1/2115] The ^13^CO LTE mass surface density (G2)solMass.pc**-2phot.flux.density.sb;em.line.COdoublee_Mden13CO[0.002/0.14] Error in 13CO-MassDensolMass.pc**-2stat.error;phot.flux.density.sbdouble