J/ApJ/943/42ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJ/943/42doi:10.26093/cds/vizier.19430042CDSChen Z.H.Yan L.Kangas T.Lunnan R.Sollerman J.Schulze S.,Perley D.A.Chen T.-W.Taggart K.Hinds K.R.Gal-Yam A.Wang X.F.,De K.Bellm E.Bloom J.S.Dekany R.Graham M.Kasliwal M.,Kulkarni S.Laher R.Neill D.Rusholme B.2025-03-03T20:11:18Z2025-01-15T12:36:22ZCDS support team

CDS, Observatoire de Strasbourg, 11 rue de l'Universite, F-67000 Strasbourg, France

cds-question@unistra.frsupernovaephotometryvisible-astronomysurveysmagnetic-fieldsradial-velocityinterstellar-mediumWe present analysis of the light curves (LCs) of 77 hydrogen-poor superluminous supernovae (SLSNe I) discovered during the Zwicky Transient Facility Phase I operation. We find that the majority (67%) of the sample can be fit equally well by both magnetar and ejecta-circumstellar medium (CSM) interaction plus ^56^Ni decay models. This implies that LCs alone cannot unambiguously constrain the physical power sources for an SLSN I. However, 23% of the sample show inverted V-shape, steep-declining LCs or features of long rise and fast post-peak decay, which are better described by the CSM+Ni model. The remaining 10% of the sample favors the magnetar model. Moreover, our analysis shows that the LC undulations are quite common, with a fraction of 18%-44% in our gold sample. Among those strongly undulating events, about 62% of them are found to be CSM-favored, implying that the undulations tend to occur in the CSM-favored events. Undulations show a wide range in energy and duration, with median values (and 1{sigma} errors) being as 1.7%_-0.7%_^+1.5%^E_rad,total_ and 28.8_-9.1_^+14.4^days, respectively. Our analysis of the undulation timescales suggests that intrinsic temporal variations of the central engine can explain half of the undulating events, while CSM interaction (CSI) can account for the majority of the sample. Finally, all of the well-observed He-rich SLSNe Ib either have strongly undulating LCs or the LCs are much better fit by the CSM+Ni model. These observations imply that their progenitor stars have not had enough time to lose all of the He-envelopes before supernova explosions, and H-poor CSM are likely to present in these events.2023ApJ...943...42Chttps://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/cat/J/ApJ/943/42CatalogResearchIsServedByTAP VizieR generic serviceIsServedByConesearch servicerelated-toJ/ApJ/827/90 : Spectroscopy of SNe Ib, IIb and Ic (Liu+, 2016)J/ApJ/832/108 : Spectral properties of Type Ic & Ic-bl SNe (Modjaz+, 2016)J/ApJ/845/85 : Absorption velocities for 21 super-luminous SNe Ic (Liu+, 2017)J/ApJ/836/25 : Swift UVOT light curves of ASASSN-15lh (Margutti+, 2017)J/ApJ/835/58 : PTF 12dam & iPTF 13dcc follow-up (Vreeswijk+, 2017)J/ApJ/860/100 : LCs of 26 hydrogen-poor superluminous SNe (De Cia+, 2018)J/ApJ/901/61 : LCs of 4 superluminous SNe from the ZTF survey (Lunnan+, 2020)J/A+A/637/A73 : Type IIn supernova photometry (Nyholm+, 2020)J/ApJ/902/L8 : Optical & NIR spectra of ZTF19aawfbtg (SN2019hge) (Yan+, 2020)J/ApJ/933/14 : LC analysis of type I superluminous SNe (Hosseinzadeh+, 2022)J/ApJ/943/41 : Hydrogen-poor SLSNe from ZTF Phase I. I. (Chen+, 2023)https://cds.unistra.fr/vizier-org/licences_vizier.htmlhttps://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJ/943/42https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJ/943/42http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJ/943/42https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJ/943/42https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJ/943/42http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJ/943/42GETtext/xml+votablehttps://tapvizier.cds.unistra.fr/TAPVizieR/tapCone search capability for table J/ApJ/943/42/tablea1 (Spectral velocities for 58 SNe)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/943/42/tablea1?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/943/42/tablea1?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/943/42/tablea1?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true197.86562565.63810.005555555555555556Cone search capability for table J/ApJ/943/42/tablea2 (Modeling parameters)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/943/42/tablea2?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/943/42/tablea2?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/943/42/tablea2?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true197.86562565.63810.0055555555555555566/200 265 2283 2734 2787 4432 4763 4805 5117 5295 5745 5818 6052 6082 6240 6436 7267 7759 8675 8816 8994 9115 9128 9354 9376 9457 9541 9599 9860 10187 10510 10528 10717 10741 10764 11165 11188 11303 11789 11872 11923 13178 13264 13330 13351 13389 13803 15045 15086 15923 16124 16282 16809 16869 17166 18167 18672 18678 19406 19477 19639 20268 21967 23904 25350 26452 26550 26986 27289 27329 27376 27528 28397 31456 43815 49047https://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/moc/J/ApJ/943/42?format=asciiOpticaldefaultJ/ApJ/943/42/tablea1Spectral velocities for 58 SNem_NameNumber of velocity measurements for this SNmeta.numberintnullablePhase[-76.7/142.5] Phase in the rest framedtime.phasefloatIonIonic speciesphys.atmol.ionStagecharVel[4730/21130] Velocity of absorption lineskm/sspect.dopplerVelocintSimbadSimbad column added by the CDSmeta.ref.urlcharrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintE_Vel[120/12770] Positive uncertainty on Velocitykm/sstat.error;stat.max;spect.dopplerVelocinte_Vel[120/4310] Negative uncertainty on Velocitykm/sstat.error;stat.min;spect.dopplerVelocintModDisplay the modelling parameters if any (link to Table A2)meta.ref.urlintnullablePapIDisplay data from Paper I (Chen+ 2023, J/ApJ/943/41)meta.ref.urlchar_RARight Ascension (J2000) from SIMBAD (not part of the original data)degpos.eq.ra;meta.main_DEDeclination (J2000) from SIMBAD (not part of the original data)degpos.eq.dec;meta.mainNameObject namemeta.id;meta.maincharJ/ApJ/943/42/tablea2Modeling parametersCSM-chi2[0.39/19] CSM model reduced {chi}^2^ valuestat.fit.chi2;meta.modelledfloatVelDisplay the velocity measurements if any (link to Table A1)meta.ref.urlintnullablePapIDisplay data from Paper I (Chen+ 2023, J/ApJ/943/41)meta.ref.urlcharSimbadSimbad column added by the CDSmeta.ref.urlchar_RARight Ascension (J2000) from SIMBAD (not part of the original data)degpos.eq.ra;meta.main_DEDeclination (J2000) from SIMBAD (not part of the original data)degpos.eq.dec;meta.mainrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintNameObject namemeta.id;meta.maincharM-Bperp[0.07/5] Magnetar model perpendicular magnetic field1e+10Tphys.magFieldfloatE_M-Bperp[0.02/1.1] Upper uncertainty in M-Bperp1e+10Tstat.error;stat.max;phys.magFieldfloate_M-Bperp[0.02/1.2] Lower uncertainty in M-Bperp1e+10Tstat.error;stat.min;phys.magFieldfloatM-P[0.89/9.1] Magnetar model periodmstime.period;meta.modelledfloatE_M-P[0.17/3.5] Upper uncertainty in M-Pmsstat.error;stat.max;time.periodfloate_M-P[0.1/2] Lower uncertainty in M-Pmsstat.error;stat.min;time.periodfloatM-Mej[1.17/48] Magnetar model ejecta masssolMassphys.massfloatE_M-Mej[0.29/17] Upper uncertainty in M-MejsolMassstat.error;stat.max;phys.massfloate_M-Mej[0.2/13] Lower uncertainty in M-MejsolMassstat.error;stat.min;phys.massfloatM-Vej[0.4/1.6] Magnetar model ejecta velocity10000km.s**-1phys.velocfloatE_M-Vej[0/0.2] Upper uncertainty in M-Vej10000km.s**-1stat.error;stat.max;phys.velocfloate_M-Vej[0/0.2] Lower uncertainty in M-Vej10000km.s**-1stat.error;stat.min;phys.velocfloatM-chi2[0.54/39.3] Magnetar model reduced {chi}^2^ valuestat.fit.chi2floatCSM-s[0/2] CSM model density profile valuephys.density;meta.modelledintCSM-MNi[0/24.4] CSM model Ni masssolMassphys.massfloatE_CSM-MNi[0.01/11.4] Upper uncertainty in CSM-MNisolMassstat.error;stat.max;phys.massfloate_CSM-MNi[0/4.1] Lower uncertainty in CSM-MNisolMassstat.error;stat.min;phys.massfloatCSM-MCSM[0.2/29.5] CSM model circumstellar medium masssolMassphys.massfloatE_CSM-MCSM[0.1/7] Upper uncertainty in CSM-MCSMsolMassstat.error;stat.max;phys.massfloate_CSM-MCSM[0.07/11] Lower uncertainty in CSM-MCSMsolMassstat.error;stat.min;phys.massfloatCSM-Mej[0.1/96] CSM model ejecta masssolMassphys.massfloatE_CSM-Mej[0.02/40] Upper uncertainty in CSM-MejsolMassstat.error;stat.max;phys.massfloate_CSM-Mej[0.01/24.4] Lower uncertainty in CSM-MejsolMassstat.error;stat.min;phys.massfloatCSM-Vej[0.3/2.3] CSM model ejecta velocity10000km.s**-1phys.velocfloatE_CSM-Vej[0/0.3] Upper uncertainty in CSM-Vej10000km.s**-1stat.error;stat.max;phys.velocfloate_CSM-Vej[0/0.3] Lower uncertainty in CSM-Vej10000km.s**-1stat.error;stat.min;phys.velocfloat