J/ApJ/943/153ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJ/943/153doi:10.26093/cds/vizier.19430153CDSBrinch M.Greve T.R.Weaver J.R.Brammer G.Ilbert O.Shuntov M.,Jin S.Liu D.Gimenez-Arteaga C.Casey C.M.Davidson I.Fujimoto S.,Koekemoer A.M.Kokorev V.Magdis G.McCracken H.J.McPartland C.J.R.,Mobasher B.Sanders D.B.Toft S.Valentino F.Zamorani G.Zavala J.,(The COSMOS Team)2025-03-03T20:11:16Z2025-01-27T15:01:29ZCDS support team

CDS, Observatoire de Strasbourg, 11 rue de l'Universite, F-67000 Strasbourg, France

cds-question@unistra.frgalaxy-clustersphotometryvisible-astronomyredshiftedinfrared-photometryWe conduct a systematic search for protocluster candidates at z>=6 in the Cosmic Evolution Survey (COSMOS) field using the recently released COSMOS2020 source catalog. We select galaxies using a number of selection criteria to obtain a sample of galaxies that have a high probability of being inside a given redshift bin. We then apply overdensity analysis to the bins using two density estimators, a Weighted Adaptive Kernel estimator and a Weighted Voronoi Tessellation estimator. We have found 15 significant (>4{sigma}) candidate galaxy overdensities across the redshift range 6<=z<=7.7. The majority of the galaxies appear to be on the galaxy main sequence at their respective epochs. We use multiple stellar-mass-to-halo-mass conversion methods to obtain a range of dark matter halo mass estimates for the overdensities in the range of ~10^11^-10^13^M_{sun}_, at the respective redshifts of the overdensities. The number and the masses of the halos associated with our protocluster candidates are consistent with what is expected from the area of a COSMOS-like survey in a standard {Lambda} cold dark matter cosmology. Through comparison with simulation, we expect that all of the overdensities at z~6 will evolve into Virgo-/Coma-like clusters at present (i.e., with masses ~10^14^-10^15^M_{sun}_). Compared to other overdensities identified at z>=6 via narrowband selection techniques, the overdensities presented appear to have ~10x higher stellar masses and star formation rates (SFRs). We compare the evolution in the total SFR and stellar mass content of the protocluster candidates across the redshift range 6<=z<=7.7 and find agreement with the total average SFR from simulations.2023ApJ...943..153Bhttps://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/cat/J/ApJ/943/153CatalogResearchIsServedByTAP VizieR generic serviceIsServedByConesearch servicerelated-toII/373 : The fourth UltraVISTA data release (DR4) (Moneti+, 2019)J/ApJS/176/301 : Subaru/XMM-Newton deep survey IV. (SXDS) (Ouchi+, 2008)J/MNRAS/416/2041 : H{alpha} emitters at z=2.23 (Matsuda+, 2011)J/A+A/544/A156 : UltraVISTA Catalogue Release DR1 (McCracken+, 2012)J/A+A/559/A2 : z in the surroundings of MRC 0156-252 (Galametz+, 2013)J/ApJS/206/8 : COSMOS/UltraVISTA Ks-selected catalogs v4.1 (Muzzin+, 2013)J/ApJ/805/121 : Overdensities of 0<z<3 COSMOS galaxies (Darvish+, 2015)J/ApJ/819/62 : The COSMOS-Legacy Survey (CLS) catalog (Civano+, 2016)J/MNRAS/460/3861 : Herschel protocluster survey (Kato+, 2016)J/ApJS/224/24 : The COSMOS2015 catalog (Laigle+, 2016)J/ApJ/826/114 : z~3-6 protocl. in the CFHTLS deep fields (Toshikawa+, 2016)J/MNRAS/478/3740 : High-z LAEs and LBGs in SHARDS survey (Arrabal Haro+, 2018)J/ApJ/862/96 : Dusty star-forming galaxies with LABOCA obs. (Lewis+, 2018)J/PASJ/70/S10 : GOLDRUSH I. UV magnitudes (Ono+, 2018)J/ApJS/243/22 : CANDELS/SHARDS catalog in GOODS-N (Barro+, 2019)J/ApJ/890/7 : Environment of gal. in the 5 CANDELS fields (Chartab+, 2020)J/MNRAS/508/3754 : Study of nine SPT protocluster candidates (Wang+, 2021)J/ApJS/258/11 : The COSMOS2020 catalog (Weaver+, 2022)https://cds.unistra.fr/vizier-org/licences_vizier.htmlhttps://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJ/943/153https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJ/943/153http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJ/943/153https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJ/943/153https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJ/943/153http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJ/943/153GETtext/xml+votablehttps://tapvizier.cds.unistra.fr/TAPVizieR/tapCone search capability for table J/ApJ/943/153/protocl (Properties of the overdensities found at z=6-10 (Table 2) and estimates of the total dark matter halo mass associated with the protocluster candidates (Table 3))https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/943/153/protocl?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/943/153/protocl?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/943/153/protocl?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true149.8858752.15785830.005555555555555556Cone search capability for table J/ApJ/943/153/galaxies (Properties of the individual galaxies in the 15 overdensities found at z=6-10 from LePhare and EAZY (Tables 4-18; see also Figures 18-32))https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/943/153/galaxies?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/943/153/galaxies?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/943/153/galaxies?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true149.84370832.21487220.0055555555555555566/27247 27256 27258-272597.952274030004205e-20 1.0188844282367877e-19https://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/moc/J/ApJ/943/153?format=asciiOpticalInfrareddefaultJ/ApJ/943/153/protoclProperties of the overdensities found at z=6-10 (Table 2) and estimates of the total dark matter halo mass associated with the protocluster candidates (Table 3)E_delta[2.2/5] Upper uncertainty on delta (2)stat.error;stat.max;stat.fit.paramfloatE_logMdmB[0.08/0.3] Upper uncertainty on logMdmBstat.error;stat.max;phys.massfloatAbundB[11.54/12.9]? Abundance matching (see Behroozi+ 2013ApJ...770...57B)stat.fit.paramfloatnullablee_AbundB[0.07/0.4]? Lower uncertainty on AbundBstat.error;stat.min;stat.fit.paramfloatnullableE_AbundB[0.07/0.6]? Upper uncertainty on AbundBstat.error;stat.max;stat.fit.paramfloatnullablel_logMdmCLimit flag on logMdmCmeta.code.error;phys.masscharlogMdmCCentral dark matter halo mass estimatesphys.massfloate_logMdmC[0.05/0.35] Lower uncertainty on logMdmCstat.error;stat.min;phys.massfloatE_logMdmC[0.06/0.32] Upper uncertainty on logMdmCstat.error;stat.max;phys.massfloatAbundC[11/12.53]? Abundance matchingstat.fit.paramfloatnullablee_AbundC[0.09/0.5]? Lower uncertainty on AbundCstat.error;stat.min;stat.fit.paramfloatnullableE_AbundC[0.07/0.7]? Upper uncertainty on AbundCstat.error;stat.max;stat.fit.paramfloatnullablelogMdmS[11.89/12.53] log of total dark matter halo mass using Shuntov+ (2022A&A...664A..61S) halo occupation distribution-based (HOD) modelphys.massfloate_logMdmS[0.05/0.1] Lower uncertainty on logMdmSstat.error;stat.min;phys.massfloatE_logMdmS[0.05/0.11] Upper uncertainty on logMdmSstat.error;stat.max;phys.massfloatlogMdmH[11.8/12.3] log of central dark matter halo mass HOD modelphys.massfloate_logMdmH[0.02/0.3] Lower uncertainty on logMdmHstat.error;stat.min;phys.massfloatE_logMdmH[0.02/0.3] Upper uncertainty on logMdmHstat.error;stat.max;phys.massfloatlogMdmBlog of total dark matter halo mass using Behroozi+ 2013ApJ...770...57Bphys.massfloate_logMdmB[0.09/0.32] Lower uncertainty on logMdmBstat.error;stat.min;phys.massfloatrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintNameOverdensity name (PCzN.NN-NN)meta.id;meta.maincharNgin[5/19] Number of galaxies inside the 4{sigma} overdensity contourmeta.numberintNlbg[0/13] Number of galaxies classified as LBGsmeta.numberintzmean[6/7.7] Mean redshift of overdensity memberssrc.redshiftfloatRAJ2000Hour of right ascension (J2000) (1)pos.eq.ra;meta.mainDEJ2000Degree of declination (J2000) (1)pos.eq.dec;meta.maindelta[4.7/13] Peak overdensity value inside the 4{sigma} contour, {delta}_max_stat.fit.paramfloate_delta[1.9/4] Lower uncertainty on delta (2)stat.error;stat.min;stat.fit.paramfloatlogMs[9.6/11.1] Total stellar mass of all overdensity memberslog(solMass)phys.massfloate_logMs[0.09/0.32] Lower uncertainty on logMslog(solMass)stat.error;stat.min;phys.massfloatE_logMs[0.08/0.3] Upper uncertainty on logMslog(solMass)stat.error;stat.max;phys.massfloatSFR[37/692] Total UV SFR of all overdensity memberssolMass/yrphys.SFR;em.UVinte_SFR[5/162] Lower uncertainty on SFRsolMass/yrstat.error;stat.min;phys.SFRintE_SFR[5/234] Upper uncertainty on SFRsolMass/yrstat.error;stat.max;phys.SFRintl_logMdmBLimit flag on logMdmBmeta.code.error;phys.masscharJ/ApJ/943/153/galaxiesProperties of the individual galaxies in the 15 overdensities found at z=6-10 from LePhare and EAZY (Tables 4-18; see also Figures 18-32)recnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintNameOverdensity name; column added by CDSmeta.id.parentcharSeq[1/19] Running sequence number within Namemeta.idintf_Seq[*] Flag on Seq (1)meta.codecharID[12090/958367] Identifier in COSMOS2020, "Farmer" catalog (Weaver+ 2022, J/ApJS/258/11)meta.id;meta.mainintRAJ2000[9/10] Hour of right ascension (J2000)pos.eq.ra;meta.mainDEJ2000[1/2] Degree of declination (J2000)pos.eq.dec;meta.mainzLP[5.96/7.8] LePhare redshiftsrc.redshift.photfloate_zLP[0.04/6.6] Lower uncertainty on zLPstat.error;stat.min;src.redshift.photfloatE_zLP[0.03/1.7] Upper uncertainty on zLPstat.error;stat.max;src.redshift.photfloatzEazy[5.7/7.7] EAZY redshiftsrc.redshift.photfloate_zEazy[0.01/7.2] Lower uncertainty on zEazystat.error;stat.min;src.redshift.photfloatE_zEazy[0.01/5] Upper uncertainty on zEazystat.error;stat.max;src.redshift.photfloatlogMs[8.2/10.6] log of stellar mass; LePharelog(solMass)phys.massfloate_logMs[0/0.4] Lower uncertainty on logMslog(solMass)stat.error;stat.min;phys.massfloatE_logMs[0.1/0.4] Upper uncertainty on logMslog(solMass)stat.error;stat.max;phys.massfloatSFR[1/286] UV star formation ratesolMass/yrphys.SFR;em.UVinte_SFR[1/80] Lower uncertainty on SFRsolMass/yrstat.error;stat.min;phys.SFRintE_SFR[1/114] Upper uncertainty on SFRsolMass/yrstat.error;stat.max;phys.SFRintKsmag[24/31.5]? Ks-band AB magnitudemagphot.mag;em.IR.Kfloatnullable