J/ApJ/941/97ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJ/941/97doi:10.26093/cds/vizier.19410097CDSVijarnwannaluk B.Akiyama M.Schramm M.Ueda Y.Matsuoka Y.Toba Y.,Sawicki M.Gwyn S.Pflugradt J.2025-09-22T20:10:43Z2025-05-13T08:53:51ZCDS support team

CDS, Observatoire de Strasbourg, 11 rue de l'Universite, F-67000 Strasbourg, France

cds-question@unistra.fractive-galactic-nucleix-ray-sourcessurveysinfrared-photometryvisible-astronomybroad-band-photometryredshiftedStatistical studies of X-ray selected active galactic nuclei (AGN) indicate that the fraction of obscured AGN increases with increasing redshift, and the results suggest that a significant part of the accretion growth occurs behind obscuring material in the early universe. We investigate the obscured fraction of highly accreting X-ray AGN at around the peak epoch of supermassive black hole growth utilizing the wide and deep X-ray and optical/IR imaging data sets. A unique sample of luminous X-ray selected AGNs above z>2 was constructed by matching the XMM-SERVS X-ray point-source catalog with a point-spread function convolved photometric catalog covering the u*-4.5{um}m bands. Photometric redshift, hydrogen column density, and 2-10keV AGN luminosity of the X-ray selected AGN candidates were estimated. Using the sample of 306 2-10 keV detected AGN at above redshift 2, we estimate the fraction of AGN with logN_H_(cm^-2^)>22, assuming parametric X-ray luminosity and absorption functions. The results suggest that 76^+4^_-3_% of luminous quasars (logL_X_(erg.s^-1^)>44.5) above redshift 2 are obscured. The fraction indicates an increased contribution of obscured accretion at high redshift than that in the local universe. We discuss the implications of the increasing obscured fraction with increasing redshift based on the AGN obscuration scenarios, which describe obscuration properties in the local universe. Both the obscured and unobscured z>2 AGN show a broad range of SEDs and morphology, which may reflect the broad variety of host galaxy properties and physical processes associated with the obscuration.2022ApJ...941...97Vhttps://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/cat/J/ApJ/941/97CatalogResearchIsServedByTAP VizieR generic serviceIsServedByConesearch servicerelated-toVII/233 : 2MASS All-Sky Extended Source Catalog (XSC) (IPAC/UMass, 2003-2006)VII/237 : HYPERLEDA. I. Catalog of galaxies (Paturel+, 2003)II/319 : UKIDSS-DR9 LAS, GCS and DXS Surveys (Lawrence+ 2012)III/334 : VISTA Deep Extragalactic Observations (VIDEO) (Jarvis+, 2013)V/154 : Sloan Digital Sky Surveys (SDSS), Release 16 (DR16) (Ahumada+, 2020)VII/294 : The Million Quasars (Milliquas) catalogue, version 8 (Flesch, 2023)J/ApJ/634/861 : Old passively evolving galaxies at z=1 (Yamada+, 2005)J/MNRAS/381/1369 : Redshifts in Subaru/XMM Deep Field (Geach+, 2007)J/ApJ/663/81 : SED of hard X-ray selected AGN in XMDS (Polletta+, 2007)J/ApJS/176/1 : Subaru/XMM-Newton deep survey (SXDS). II. (Furusawa+, 2008)J/ApJS/176/301 : Subaru/XMM-Newton deep survey IV. (SXDS) (Ouchi+, 2008)J/ApJ/690/1236 : COSMOS photometric redshift catalog (Ilbert+, 2009)J/ApJ/728/58 : Swift-BAT survey of AGNs (Burlon+, 2011)J/ApJ/742/61 : Phot. z of AGNs from XMM- and C-COSMOS (Salvato+ 2011)J/ApJ/761/143 : Black hole masses of z~1.4 AGNs from SXDS (Nobuta+, 2012)J/MNRAS/421/3060 : Subaru/XMM Deep Field radio imaging. III. (Simpson+, 2012)J/ApJ/750/99 : The Pan-STARRS1 photometric system (Tonry+, 2012)J/MNRAS/435/3306 : Candidate type II QSOs in SDSS III (Alexandroff+, 2013)J/A+A/557/A81 : XMM-LSS field X-ray sources classification (Melnyk+, 2013)J/A+A/559/A14 : VIMOS VLT Deep Survey final data release (Le Fevre+, 2013)J/ApJ/768/105 : z~5 QSO LF from SDSS Stripe 82 (McGreer+, 2013)J/PASJ/65/113 : 0.006<=z<=0.8 IR galaxies with AKARI (Toba+, 2013)J/MNRAS/445/1430 : C-COSMOS & ChaMP z>3 AGNs (Kalfountzou+, 2014)J/ApJ/788/45 : Luminosity and z of galaxies from WISE-SDSS (Toba+, 2014)J/ApJ/802/89 : Luminosity function of X-ray-selected AGNs (Buchner+, 2015)J/MNRAS/452/2087 : Galaxy And Mass Assembly (GAMA): DR2 (Liske+, 2015)J/ApJ/819/62 : The COSMOS-Legacy Survey (CLS) catalog (Civano+, 2016)J/ApJS/224/24 : The COSMOS2015 catalog (Laigle+, 2016)J/MNRAS/457/110 : Northern XMM-XXL field AGN catalog (Menzel+, 2016)J/ApJS/225/27 : 3D-HST Survey: grism spectra master cat. (Momcheva+, 2016)J/ApJ/819/24 : z>4.5 QSOs with SDSS and WISE. I. Opt. spectra (Wang+, 2016)J/MNRAS/464/4545 : GRBs detected by Swift (2004-2015) (Buchner+, 2017)J/ApJS/232/8 : 16yrs of AGNs X-ray sp analyses from 7Ms CDF-S (Liu+, 2017)J/ApJS/228/2 : Chandra Deep Field-South survey: 7Ms sources (Luo+, 2017)J/ApJS/230/9 : Improved multi-band photometry from SERVS (Nyland+, 2017)J/ApJS/233/17 : Swift/BAT AGN sp survey. V. X-ray data (Ricci+, 2017)J/MNRAS/478/2132 : XMM-LSS field. XMM-Newton point-source cat. (Cheng+, 2018)J/PASJ/70/S10 : GOLDRUSH I. UV magnitudes (Ono+, 2018)J/A+A/609/A84 : VIPERS spectroscopic redshifts (PDR-2) (Scodeggio+, 2018)J/A+A/636/A37 : High-z AGN obscured by host galaxy ISM (D'Amato+, 2020)J/A+A/647/A150 : VANDELS ESO public spectro. survey. DR4 (Garilli+, 2021)J/ApJ/912/91 : A value-added cat. for SDSS DR16 QSO at z<0.7 (Toba+, 2021)J/ApJS/256/21 : XMM-SERVS survey: for W-CDF-S & ELAIS-S1 (Ni+, 2021)J/ApJS/257/61 : X-ray spectral study of 57 local U/LIRGs (Yamada+, 2021)J/A+A/670/A82 : Combining the CLAUDS and HSC-SSP surveys (Desprez+, 2023)http://eso.org/rm/publicAccess#/dataReleases : ESO Phase 3 data archive, DR5http://www.nottingham.ac.uk/astronomy/UDS/data/data.html : UKIDSS UDShttps://cds.unistra.fr/vizier-org/licences_vizier.htmlhttps://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJ/941/97https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJ/941/97http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJ/941/97https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJ/941/97https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJ/941/97http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJ/941/97GETtext/xml+votablehttps://tapvizier.cds.unistra.fr/TAPVizieR/tapCone search capability for table J/ApJ/941/97/table6 (X-ray AGN catalog)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/941/97/table6?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/941/97/table6?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/941/97/table6?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true34.2004308-4.93326340.0055555555555555565/4422 6/17677 17679 17682-17683 17686 17692 17694 177123.9193497546148093e-20 5.500300350312679e-19https://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/moc/J/ApJ/941/97?format=asciiX-rayOpticalInfrareddefaultJ/ApJ/941/97/table6X-ray AGN catalogEBV[0.015/0.034] Galactic E(B-V)magphot.color.excess;em.opt.B;em.opt.VfloatNEDNED column added by the CDSmeta.ref.urlcharrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintRAXdegX-ray center Right Ascension (J2000)degpos.eq.ra;em.X-rayDEXdegX-ray center Declination (J2000)degpos.eq.dec;em.X-raySBml[4.8/32948]? 0.5-2keV detection likelihoodstat.likelihood;em.X-ray.softdoublenullableHBml[7.8/6933]? 2-10keV detection likelihoodstat.likelihood;em.X-ray.mediumfloatnullableFBml[6/37567]? 0.5-10keV detection likelihoodstat.likelihood;em.X-raydoublenullableRAOIdegOpt-IR Right Ascension (J2000)degpos.eq.raDEOIdegOpt-IR Declination (J2000)degpos.eq.decSBcrt[0.19/5228516] 0.5-2kev count-rate (2)ct/ksphot.count;em.X-ray.softdoublee_SBcrt[0.06/2]? Uncertainty in SBcrt (2)ct/ksstat.errorfloatnullableHBcrt[0.23/4045685] 2-10kev count-rate (2)ct/ksphot.count;em.X-ray.mediumdoublee_HBcrt[0.08/1.6]? Uncertainty in HBcrt (2)ct/ksstat.errorfloatnullableHR[-1/1] Hardness ratio, (H-S)/(H+S) (2)phot.count;arith.ratio;em.X-rayfloate_HR[0.01/0.21]? Uncertainty in HR (2)stat.errorfloatnullableblagn[0/1] Optical Broadline AGN (3)meta.codeintXHSCID[138/1685305] XHSC source identifiermeta.id;meta.mainintRAJ2000XHSC source Right Ascension (J2000)degpos.eq.ra;meta.mainDEJ2000XHSC source Declination (J2000)degpos.eq.dec;meta.mainTract[8523/8767] HSC tract identifierobs.fieldintNIRcat[0/1] Detection flag (0=r-band or 1=H-band detected)meta.codeintusmag[16.3/29.4] CLAUDS us-band apparent (AB) magnitude (4)magphot.mag;em.opt.Ufloate_usmag[0.03/0.6]? Uncertainty in usmagmagstat.error;phot.mag;em.opt.Ufloatnullablegmag[14.8/30.1] HSC g-band apparent (AB) magnitude (4)magphot.mag;em.opt.Bfloate_gmag[0.01/0.5]? Uncertainty in gmagmagstat.error;phot.mag;em.opt.Bfloatnullablermag[14/29] HSC r-band apparent (AB) magnitude (4)magphot.mag;em.opt.Rfloate_rmag[0.01/0.5]? Uncertainty in rmagmagstat.error;phot.mag;em.opt.Rfloatnullableimag[13.6/28.6] HSC i-band apparent (AB) magnitude (4)magphot.mag;em.opt.Ifloate_imag[0.01/0.5]? Uncertainty in imagmagstat.error;phot.mag;em.opt.Ifloatnullablezmag[13.4/28] HSC z-band apparent (AB) magnitude (4)magphot.mag;em.opt.Ifloate_zmag[0.01/0.4]? Uncertainty in zmagmagstat.error;phot.mag;em.opt.Ifloatnullableymag[13.2/28.1] HSC y-band apparent (AB) magnitude (4)magphot.mag;em.IR.Jfloate_ymag[0.01/0.6]? Uncertainty in ymagmagstat.error;phot.mag;em.IR.JfloatnullableYmag[13.1/27.4] VIDEO Y-band apparent (AB) magnitude (4)magphot.mag;em.IR.Jfloate_Ymag[0/0.6]? Uncertainty in Ymagmagstat.error;phot.mag;em.IR.JfloatnullableJmag[12.9/27] VIDEO J-band apparent (AB) magnitude (4)magphot.mag;em.IR.Jfloate_Jmag[0/0.6]? Uncertainty in Jmagmagstat.error;phot.mag;em.IR.JfloatnullableHmag[12.7/26.5] VIDEO H-band apparent (AB) magnitude (4)magphot.mag;em.IR.Hfloate_Hmag[0/0.6]? Uncertainty in Hmagmagstat.error;phot.mag;em.IR.HfloatnullableKsmag[12.8/26.1] VIDEO Ks-band apparent (AB) magnitude (4)magphot.mag;em.IR.Kfloate_Ksmag[0/0.6]? Uncertainty in Ksmagmagstat.error;phot.mag;em.IR.Kfloatnullablech1mag[13.6/26.3] SERVS 3.6-um apparent (AB) magnitude (4)magphot.mag;em.IR.3-4umfloate_ch1mag[0.03/0.6]? Uncertainty in ch1magmagstat.error;phot.mag;em.IR.3-4umfloatnullablech2mag[-78.7/25.7]? SERVS 4.5-um apparent (AB) magnitude (4)magphot.mag;em.IR.4-8umfloatnullablee_ch2mag[0.03/0.6]? Uncertainty in ch2magmagstat.error;phot.mag;em.IR.4-8umfloatnullableAV[0.05/0.12] V-band Attenuationmagphys.absorption;em.opt.Vfloatf_usmagFlag on usmag (0=clean or 1=bad photometry)meta.codeintf_gmagFlag on gmag (0=clean or 1=bad photometry)meta.codeintf_rmagFlag on rmag (0=clean or 1=bad photometry)meta.codeintf_imagFlag on imag (0=clean or 1=bad photometry)meta.codeintf_zmagFlag on zmag (0=clean or 1=bad photometry)meta.codeintf_ymagFlag on ymag (0=clean or 1=bad photometry)meta.codeintf_YmagFlag on Ymag (0=clean or 1=bad photometry)meta.codeintf_JmagFlag on Jmag (0=clean or 1=bad photometry)meta.codeintf_HmagFlag on Hmag (0=clean or 1=bad photometry)meta.codeintf_KsmagFlag on Ksmag (0=clean or 1=bad photometry)meta.codeintf_ch1magFlag on ch2mag (0=clean or 1=bad photometry)meta.codeintf_ch2magFlag on ch2mag (0=clean or 1=bad photometry)meta.codeintFledaLEDA Association Flag (5)meta.codeintzspec[0/4.58]? Spectroscopic redshiftsrc.redshiftfloatnullablezphot[0/5.52]? Best photometric redshiftsrc.redshift.photfloatnullableb_zphot[0/5.48]? Upper 68% Confidence in zphotstat.error;stat.min;src.redshift.photfloatnullableB_zphot[0.0015/6]? Lower 68% Confidence in zphotstat.error;stat.max;src.redshift.photfloatnullablechibest[0.38/402]? Best-fit Chi-squarestat.fit.chi2floatnullableNband[9/12] Number of bands usedmeta.numberintchisec[1/645]? Secondary photo-z Chi-squarestat.fit.chi2floatnullablechistar[1/448]? Galactic star photo-z Chi-squarestat.fit.chi2floatnullableusMag? CLAUDS us-band absolute magnitudes (6)magphys.magAbs;em.opt.UfloatnullablegMag? HSC g-band absolute magnitude (6)magphys.magAbs;em.opt.BfloatnullablerMag? HSC r-band absolute magnitude (6)magphys.magAbs;em.opt.RfloatnullableiMag? HSC i-band absolute magnitude (6)magphys.magAbs;em.opt.IfloatnullablezMag? HSC z-band absolute magnitude (6)magphys.magAbs;em.opt.IfloatnullableyMag? HSC y-band absolute magnitude (6)magphys.magAbs;em.IR.JfloatnullableYMag? VIDEO Y-band absolute magnitude (6)magphys.magAbs;em.IR.JfloatnullableJMag? VIDEO J-band absolute magnitude (6)magphys.magAbs;em.IR.JfloatnullableHMag? VIDEO H-band absolute magnitude (6)magphys.magAbs;em.IR.HfloatnullableKsMag? VIDEO Ks-band absolute magnitude (6)magphys.magAbs;em.IR.Kfloatnullablech1Mag? SERVS 3.6-um absolute magnitude (6)magphys.magAbs;em.IR.3-4umfloatnullablech2Mag? SERVS 4.5-um absolute magnitude (6)magphys.magAbs;em.IR.4-8umfloatnullablezprime[0/5.52]? Best-redshift used in analysissrc.redshiftfloatnullableSBflux[4e-16/2.9e-14]? The 0.5-2 keV Band fluxmW.m**-2phot.flux;em.X-ray.softdoublenullablee_SBflux[8.8e-17/1.5e-15]? Uncertainty in SBfluxmW.m**-2stat.error;phot.flux;em.X-ray.softdoublenullableHBflux[1.8e-15/7.1e-14]? The 2-10 keV Band fluxmW.m**-2phot.flux;em.X-ray.mediumdoublenullablee_HBflux[6.7e-16/5.3e-15]? Uncertainty in HBfluxmW.m**-2stat.error;phot.flux;em.X-ray.mediumdoublenullableFBflux[1e-15/8.3e-14]? The 0.5-10 keV Band fluxmW.m**-2phot.flux;em.X-raydoublenullablee_FBflux[2.2e-16/3.5e-15]? Uncertainty in FBfluxmW.m**-2stat.error;phot.flux;em.X-raydoublenullablelogNH[20/24]? Log hydrogen column densitylog(cm**-2)phys.columnDensityfloatnullableb_logNH[20/23.6]? Lower boundary limit on logNHlog(cm**-2)phys.columnDensity;stat.minfloatnullableB_logNH[20/24]? Upper boundary limit on logNHlog(cm**-2)phys.columnDensity;stat.maxfloatnullableSBlogLx[43.42/45.05]? Log 0.5-2 keV luminositylog(1e-07W)phys.luminosity;em.X-ray.softfloatnullablee_SBlogLx[0.018/0.2]? Uncertainty in SBlogLxlog(1e-07W)stat.error;phys.luminosity;em.X-ray.softfloatnullableHBlogLx[43.64/45.4]? Log 2-10 keV luminositylog(1e-07W)phys.luminosity;em.X-ray.mediumfloatnullablee_HBlogLx[0.03/0.2]? Uncertainty in HBlogLxlog(1e-07W)stat.error;phys.luminosity;em.X-ray.mediumfloatnullableFBlogLx[43.52/45.3]? Log 0.5-10 keV luminositylog(1e-07W)phys.luminosity;em.X-rayfloatnullablee_FBlogLx[0.016/0.21]? Uncertainty in FBlogLxlog(1e-07W)stat.error;phys.luminosity;em.X-rayfloatnullable[CBL2018]X-ray sequential number (XMMNNNNN, nos 1-5240)meta.id.crosscharoircatMatched optical-IR Catalog (1)meta.id;meta.datasetcharPatchHSC patch identifierobs.fieldcharzspecidSpectroscopic redshift IDmeta.notechar