J/ApJ/940/52ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJ/940/52doi:10.26093/cds/vizier.19400052CDSSong Y.Linden S.T.Evans A.S.Barcos-Munoz L.Murphy E.J.,Momjian E.Diaz-Santos T.Larson K.L.Privon G.C.Huang X.Armus L.,Mazzarella J.M.U. VInami H.Charmandaris V.Ricci C.Emig K.L.,McKinney J.Yoon I.Kunneriath D.Lai T.S.-Y.Rodas-Quito E.E.,Saravia A.Gao T.Meynardie W.Sanders D.B.2025-02-13T20:11:49Z2024-11-25T13:24:25ZCDS support team

CDS, Observatoire de Strasbourg, 11 rue de l'Universite, F-67000 Strasbourg, France

cds-question@unistra.frgalaxiesinfrared-sourcesradio-continuum-emissionactive-galactic-nucleistar-forming-regionsmillimeter-astronomysubmillimeter-astronomyWe present the analysis of ~100pc scale compact radio continuum sources detected in 63 local (ultra)luminous infrared galaxies (U/LIRGs; L_IR_>=10^11^L_{sun}_), using FWHM<~0.1"-0.2" resolution 15 and 33GHz observations with the Karl G. Jansky Very Large Array. We identify a total of 133 compact radio sources with effective radii of 8-170pc, which are classified into four main categories-"AGN" (active galactic nuclei), "AGN/SBnuc" (AGN-starburst composite nucleus), "SBnuc" (starburst nucleus), and "SF" (star-forming clumps)-based on ancillary data sets and the literature. We find that "AGN" and "AGN/SBnuc" more frequently occur in late-stage mergers and have up to 3dex higher 33GHz luminosities and surface densities compared with "SBnuc" and "SF," which may be attributed to extreme nuclear starburst and/or AGN activity in the former. Star formation rates (SFRs) and surface densities ({Sigma}SFR) are measured for "SF" and "SBnuc" using both the total 33GHz continuum emission (SFR~0.14-13M_{sun}_/yr, {Sigma}_SFR_~13-1600M_{sun}_/yr/kpc^2^) and the thermal free-free emission from HII regions (median SFR_th_~0.4M_{sun}_/yr, {Sigma}_SFRth_~44M_{sun}_/yr/kpc^2^). These values are 1-2dex higher than those measured for similar-sized clumps in nearby normal (non-U/LIRGs). The latter also have a much flatter median 15-33GHz spectral index (~-0.08) compared with "SBnuc" and "SF" (~-0.46), which may reflect higher nonthermal contribution from supernovae and/or interstellar medium densities in local U/LIRGs that directly result from and/or lead to their extreme star-forming activities on 100pc scales.2022ApJ...940...52Shttps://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/cat/J/ApJ/940/52CatalogResearchIsServedByTAP VizieR generic serviceIsServedByConesearch servicerelated-toVII/157 : The Extended 12um galaxy sample (Rush+ 1993)VII/233 : 2MASS All-Sky Extended Source Catalog (XSC) (IPAC/UMass, 2003-2006)J/AJ/102/1663 : Radio properties of extragal. IRAS sources (Condon+, 1991)J/ApJ/378/65 : 8.4GHz observations of compact starbursts (Condon+ 1991)J/AJ/109/2318 : Extragalactic IRAS sources (Condon+ 1995)J/A+AS/132/181 : Very luminous IRAS galaxies spectra. II. (Wu+ 1998)J/AJ/126/1607 : IRAS Revised Bright Galaxy Sample (Sanders+, 2003)J/ApJ/622/772 : Redshift survey of submillimeter galaxies (Chapman+, 2005)J/ApJ/723/993 : Spatial extent of (U)LIRGs in the MIR. I. (Diaz-Santos+, 2010)J/ApJ/715/572 : GOALS UV and FIR properties (Howell+, 2010)J/ApJ/709/884 : Role of starburst-AGN composites in LIRG mergers (Yuan+, 2010)J/A+A/533/A119 : GOODS-Herschel North and South catalogs (Elbaz+, 2011)J/A+A/528/A35 : Infrared luminosity in GOODS fields (Magnelli+, 2011)J/ApJ/761/97 : Star Formation in Radio Survey (SFRS): 33GHz (Murphy+, 2012)J/ApJ/768/102 : I-band GALFIT analysis of luminous IR galaxies (Kim+, 2013)J/ApJ/765/L26 : Swift/BAT ultra-hard X-ray data from GOALS LIRGs (Koss+, 2013)J/ApJS/206/1 : Mid-IR properties of GOALS nearby LIRGs (Stierwalt+, 2013)J/PASJ/65/113 : 0.006<=z<=0.8 IR galaxies with AKARI (Toba+, 2013)J/PASJ/65/103 : PAH3.3um/IR luminosity for infrared galaxies (Yamada+, 2013)J/ApJ/790/124 : Dust and gas physics of the GOALS sample (Stierwalt+, 2014)J/ApJ/799/10 : Arp 220 6 and 33GHz images (Barcos-Munoz+, 2015)J/A+A/574/A4 : Radio image of Luminous Infrared Galaxies (Vardoulaki+, 2015)J/A+A/590/A67 : Ionized gas maps of local U/LIRGs (Piqueras-Lopez+, 2016)J/ApJS/229/25 : GOALS sample PACS and SPIRE fluxes (Chu+, 2017)J/ApJ/846/32 : Herschel FIR spectra of GOALS galaxies (Diaz-Santos+, 2017)J/ApJ/843/91 : Massive star cluster in LIRGs in GOALS. (Linden+, 2017)J/ApJ/836/185 : SED radio continuum from KINGFISHER (Tabatabaei+, 2017)J/A+A/617/A130 : Luminous infrared galaxies AKARI 2.5-5um data (Inami+, 2018)J/A+A/609/A9 : Local Swift-BAT AGN observed with Herschel (Lutz+, 2018)J/ApJS/234/24 : VLA 33GHz obs. of star-forming regions (Murphy+, 2018)J/A+A/623/A173 : SNe/SNRs in starburst galaxy Arp 220 (Varenius+, 2019)J/ApJ/882/5 : ALMA data for 5 luminous & ultralum. IR gal. (Wilson+, 2019)J/ApJ/888/92 : Star-forming clumps in local luminous IR gal. (Larson+, 2020)J/ApJS/248/25 : SFRS: 3-33GHz VLA obs. of star-forming regions (Linden+, 2020)J/ApJ/923/278 : Massive star cluster in LIRGs in GOALS. II. (Linden+, 2021)J/A+A/660/A83 : NGC1068 I-HCN(1-0) & I-HCO+(1-0) maps (Sanchez-Garcia+, 2022)https://cds.unistra.fr/vizier-org/licences_vizier.htmlhttps://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJ/940/52https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJ/940/52http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJ/940/52https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJ/940/52https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJ/940/52http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJ/940/52GETtext/xml+votablehttps://tapvizier.cds.unistra.fr/TAPVizieR/tapCone search capability for table J/ApJ/940/52/table1 (Basic properties of the Great Observatories All-sky LIRG Survey - "equatorial" radio survey (GOALS-ES) sample)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/940/52/table1?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/940/52/table1?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/940/52/table1?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true2.7773333-12.10783330.005555555555555556Cone search capability for table J/ApJ/940/52/table2 (Measured and derived quantities for regions identified at native resolutions)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/940/52/table2?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/940/52/table2?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/940/52/table2?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true2.77728889-12.107661110.005555555555555556Cone search capability for table J/ApJ/940/52/tableb1 (Measured and derived quantities for BM17 (Barcos-Munoz+ 2017ApJ...843..117B) regions in 14 galaxies)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/940/52/tableb1?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/940/52/tableb1?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/940/52/tableb1?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true135.1057261139.065041940.005555555555555556Cone search capability for table J/ApJ/940/52/tableb2 (Measured and derived quantities for SFRS (Murphy+ 2018, J/ApJS/234/24 and Linden+ 2020, J/ApJS/248/25) star-forming regions in 28 galaxies)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/940/52/tableb2?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/940/52/tableb2?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/940/52/tableb2?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true14.95841-7.576220.0055555555555555566/226 231 286 295 538 650 3506 4447 5715 5751 5799 7602 7624 7743 8266 8482 10761 10856 11026-11027 11434 12537 15592-15593 16755 16758 17075 17183 17252 17492 17506 17594 17736 17754 17904 18398 18406 18432 18714 18753 18897 18932 19283 19619 20118 20895 21416 21747 22468 22721 22792 23339 24123 24144 24232 24958 25462 25610 25946 26028 26035 26198 26264 26271 26298 26324 26811 26932 27340 27514 27537 27555 27830 27861 28015 28035 28167 28188 28496 29439 29680 29937 30027 30383 30580 30810 30822 30879 31081 31158 31430 31503 35993 36188 36194 40801 43845 446719.939104355462015e-24 2.1866029582016434e-23https://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/moc/J/ApJ/940/52?format=asciiInfraredMillimeterRadiodefaultJ/ApJ/940/52/table1Basic properties of the Great Observatories All-sky LIRG Survey - "equatorial" radio survey (GOALS-ES) samplerecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintNrnNumber of regions identified at native resolutions (link to Table 2)meta.numberintnullableID[1/68] Internal index numbermeta.numberintprimaryIRASIRAS system identifiermeta.id;meta.maincharGalCommon galaxy Namemeta.idcharRAJ2000Hour of Right Ascension (J2000) (1)pos.eq.ra;meta.mainDEJ2000Degree of Declination (J20000 (1)pos.eq.dec;meta.mainlogLIR[11/12.5] log 8-1000 micron IR luminositylog(solLum)phys.luminosity;em.IRfloatHVel[1137/26249] Heliocentric velocity from NEDkm/sphys.veloc;pos.heliocentricintDist[17/401] Luminosity distanceMpcpos.distanceintScale[80/1643] Physical scale (2)pc/arcsecarith.factorintStageMerger stage (3)meta.code.classcharNEDNED column added by the CDSmeta.ref.urlcharSimbadNameSimbad column added by the CDSmeta.idcharnullableJ/ApJ/940/52/table2Measured and derived quantities for regions identified at native resolutionsTypeRegion type (4)src.classcharRAJ2000Right Ascension (J2000) (5)degpos.eq.ra;meta.mainDEJ2000[-19.1/19.6] Declination (J2000) (5)degpos.eq.dec;meta.mainSnu[0.01/31] Measured 33 GHz flux density of region (6)mJyphot.flux.density;em.mm.30-50GHzfloatrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintID[1/67] Internal index numbermeta.numberintf_IDFlag on ID (1)meta.codecharn_ID[b] b: flag on Arp 240 region (2)meta.notecharRegRegion identifier (3)meta.id.partchare_Snu[0/0.3] Uncertainty in SnumJystat.error;phot.flux.density;em.mm.30-50GHzfloatl_logReLimit flag on logRe (7)meta.code.error;phys.size.radiuscharlogRe[0.9/2.3] Log Region effective radiuslog(pc)phys.size.radiusfloate_logRe[0/0.5]? Uncertainty in logRelog(pc)stat.error;phys.size.radiusfloatnullablelogLnu[26.25/29.53] Log spectral luminositylog(1e-07W.Hz**-1)phys.luminosityfloate_logLnu[0.01/0.9] Uncertainty in logLnulog(1e-07W.Hz**-1)stat.error;phys.luminosityfloatl_logSigmaLimit flag on logSigma (7)meta.code.error;phys.luminositycharlogSigma[28.4/31.6] Log spectral luminosity surface densitylog(1e-07W.Hz**-1.kpc**-2)phys.luminosity;src.densityfloate_logSigma[0/1.2]? Uncertainty in logSigmalog(1e-07W.Hz**-1.kpc**-2)stat.error;phys.luminosity;src.densityfloatnullablel_logTbLimit flag on logTb (7)meta.code.error;phys.temperaturecharlogTb[-0.12/3.1] Log brightness temperature of region (8)log(K)phys.temperaturefloate_logTb[0.01/1.2]? Uncertainty in logTblog(K)stat.error;phys.temperaturefloatnullablel_logTimLimit flag on logTim (7)meta.code.error;phys.temperaturecharlogTim[-0.31/4.1]? Log brightness temperature of region (9)log(K)phys.temperaturefloatnullablee_logTim[0.01/1.3]? Uncertainty in logTimlog(K)stat.error;phys.temperaturefloatnullableJ/ApJ/940/52/table3*Measured and derived quantities for regions identified at matched resolutionsID[1/67] Internal index numbermeta.numberintl_logSigmaLimit flag on logSigmameta.code.error;phys.SFR;src.densitycharlogSigma[1.1/3.2]? Log star formation rate surface densitylog(solMass.yr**-1.kpc**-2)phys.SFR;src.densityfloatnullablee_logSigma[0.04/0.5]? Uncertainty in logSigmalog(solMass.yr**-1.kpc**-2)stat.error;phys.SFR;src.densityfloatnullablel_logSFRthLimit flag on logSFRthmeta.code.errorcharl_logSigmathLimit flag on logSigmathmeta.code.error;phys.SFR;src.densitycharrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintf_IDFlag on ID (1)meta.codecharRegRegion identifier(s) (2)meta.id.partcharTypeRegion type (3)src.classcharl_S33Limit flag on S33meta.code.errorcharS33[0.01/26.6] Measured 33GHz flux of beam-matched region (4)mJyphot.flux.density;em.mm.30-50GHzfloate_S33[0.01/3.1]? Uncertainty in S33mJystat.error;phot.flux.density;em.mm.30-50GHzfloatnullableS15[0.02/60.3] Measured 15GHz flux of beam-matched regionmJyphot.flux;em.radio.12-30GHzfloate_S15[0.01/6] Uncertainty in S15mJystat.error;phot.flux;em.radio.12-30GHzfloatl_alphaLimit flag on alphameta.code.error;spect.indexcharalpha[-2.61/1.4] Measured 15-33GHz spectral index of beam-matched regionspect.indexfloate_alpha[0.18/5.32]? Uncertainty in alphastat.error;spect.indexfloatnullablel_fthLimit flag on fthmeta.code.error;phot.flux;arith.ratiocharfth[0/100] Thermal fraction at 33GHz derived from alpha%phot.flux;arith.ratio;em.mm.30-50GHzinte_fth[4/46]? Uncertainty in fth%stat.error;phot.flux;arith.ratiointnullablel_logReLimit flag on logRemeta.code.error;phys.size.radiuscharlogRe[0.89/2.5] Log Region effective radius (5)pcphys.size.radiusfloate_logRe[0.01/0.21]? Uncertainty in logRepcstat.error;phys.size.radiusfloatnullablelogSFR[-0.9/1.11]? Log Star Formation Rate (6)log(solMass.yr**-1)phys.SFRfloatnullablee_logSFR[0.03/1.1]? Uncertainty in logSFRlog(solMass.yr**-1)stat.error;phys.SFRfloatnullablelogSFRth[-1.4/1.1]? Log thermal only star formation ratelog(solMass.yr**-1)phys.SFRfloatnullablee_logSFRth[0.07/1.4]? Uncertainty in log SFRthlog(solMass.yr**-1)stat.error;phys.SFRfloatnullablelogSigmath[0/3.3]? Log thermal only star formation rate surface densitylog(solMass.yr**-1.kpc**-2)phys.SFR;src.densityfloatnullablee_logSigmath[0.07/1.4]? Uncertainty in logSigmathlog(solMass.yr**-1.kpc**-2)stat.error;phys.SFR;src.densityfloatnullableJ/ApJ/940/52/tableb1Measured and derived quantities for BM17 (Barcos-Munoz+ 2017ApJ...843..117B) regions in 14 galaxiesrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintGalGalaxy namemeta.idcharRegRegion within Gal (1)meta.id.partcharTypeRegion type (2)src.classcharRAJ2000[135.1/354.8] Right ascension of the emission peak of the region (J2000)degpos.eq.ra;meta.mainDEJ2000[23.5/62.2] Declination of the emission peak of the region (J2000)degpos.eq.dec;meta.mainlogRe[1.25/2.6] Log of region effective radiuspcphys.size.radiusfloate_logRe[0.01/0.12] logRe uncertaintypcstat.errorfloatS33[0.14/74.7] 33GHz flux densitymJyphot.flux.density;em.mm.30-50GHzfloate_S33[0.01/5] S33 uncertaintymJystat.error;phot.flux.density;em.mm.30-50GHzfloatlogL33[27.3/30.52] Log of 33GHz spectral luminosity calculated from S33log(1e-07W.Hz**-1)phys.luminosity;em.mm.30-50GHzfloate_logL33[0.01/0.1] logL33 uncertaintylog(1e-07W.Hz**-1)stat.error;phys.luminosity;em.mm.30-50GHzfloatlogSigL33[29.42/31.26] 33 GHz spectral luminosity surface density, calculated from columns logRe and logL33log(1e-07W.Hz**-1.kpc**-2)phys.luminosity;src.density;em.mm.30-50GHzfloate_logSigL33[0.01/0.24] logSigL33 uncertaintylog(1e-07W.Hz**-1.kpc**-2)stat.error;phys.luminosity;em.mm.30-50GHzfloatJ/ApJ/940/52/tableb2Measured and derived quantities for SFRS (Murphy+ 2018, J/ApJS/234/24 and Linden+ 2020, J/ApJS/248/25) star-forming regions in 28 galaxieslogSFR[-3.31/-0.27] Log Star Formation Rate (4)log(solMass.yr**-1)phys.SFRfloate_logSFR[0.02/0.4] Uncertainty in logSFRlog(solMass.yr**-1)stat.error;phys.SFRfloatrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintGalCommon galaxy namemeta.idcharRegRegion identifier within the galaxy (1)meta.id.partcharRAJ2000[14.95/309] Right Ascension (J2000)degpos.eq.ra;meta.mainDEJ2000[-33.1/68.5] Declination (J2000)degpos.eq.dec;meta.mainl_logReLimit flag on logRemeta.code.error;phys.size.radiuscharlogRe[1.19/2.61] Log Region effective radius (2)pcphys.size.radiusfloate_logRe[0.01/0.11]? Uncertainty in logRepcstat.error;phys.size.radiusfloatnullableS15[0.01/19.4] Measured 15GHz flux densitymJyphot.flux;em.radio.12-30GHzfloate_S15[0.01/2] Uncertainty in S15mJystat.error;phot.flux;em.radio.12-30GHzfloatS33[0.01/12.7] Measured 33GHz flux densitymJyphot.flux.density;em.mm.30-50GHzfloate_S33[0.01/1.3] Uncertainty in S33mJystat.error;phot.flux.density;em.mm.30-50GHzfloatalpha[-1.03/2.24] Measured 15-33GHz spectral indexspect.indexfloate_alpha[0.18/4.5] Uncertainty in alphastat.error;spect.indexfloate_logSigma[0.05/0.4]? Uncertainty in logSigmalog(solMass.yr**-1.kpc**-2)stat.error;phys.SFR;src.densityfloatnullablelogSFRth[-3.5/-0.27] Log thermal only star formation rate (6)log(solMass.yr**-1)phys.SFRfloate_logSFRth[0.08/1.72] Uncertainty in logSFRthlog(solMass.yr**-1)stat.error;phys.SFRfloatl_logSigmathLimit flag on logSigmathmeta.code.error;phys.SFR;src.densitycharlogSigmath[-1.9/1.1] Log thermal only star formation rate surface density (5)log(solMass.yr**-1.kpc**-2)phys.SFR;src.densityfloate_logSigmath[0.08/1.3]? Uncertainty in logSigmathlog(solMass.yr**-1.kpc**-2)stat.error;phys.SFR;src.densityfloatnullablefth[14/100] Thermal fraction at 33GHz (3)%phot.flux;arith.ratio;em.mm.30-50GHzinte_fth[2/64]? Uncertainty in fth%stat.error;phot.flux;arith.ratiointnullablel_logSigmaLimit flag on logSigmameta.code.error;phys.SFRcharlogSigma[-1.53/1] Log star formation rate surface density (5)log(solMass.yr**-1.kpc**-2)phys.SFR;src.densityfloat