J/ApJ/940/20ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJ/940/20doi:10.26093/cds/vizier.19400020CDSGuo H.Barth A.J.Wang S.2025-07-18T20:13:18Z2024-11-25T08:24:05ZCDS support team

CDS, Observatoire de Strasbourg, 11 rue de l'Universite, F-67000 Strasbourg, France

cds-question@unistra.fractive-galactic-nucleiphotometryvisible-astronomyblack-holesredshiftedWe perform a systematic survey of active galactic nuclei (AGNs) continuum lags using ~3days cadence gri-band light curves from the Zwicky Transient Facility. We select a sample of 94 type 1 AGNs at z<0.8 with significant and consistent inter-band lags based on the interpolated cross-correlation function method and the Bayesian method JAVELIN. Within the framework of the "lamp-post" reprocessing model, our findings are: (1) The continuum emission (CE) sizes inferred from the data are larger than the disk sizes predicted by the standard thin-disk model. (2) For a subset of the sample, the CE size exceeds the theoretical limit of the self-gravity radius (12 lt-days) for geometrically thin disks. (3) The CE size scales with continuum luminosity as R_CE_{propto}L^0.48+/-0.04^ with a scatter of 0.2dex, analogous to the well-known radius-luminosity relation of broad H{beta}. These findings suggest a significant contribution of diffuse continuum emission from the broad-line region (BLR) to AGN continuum lags. We find that the R_CE_-L relation can be explained by a photoionization model that assumes ~23% of the total flux comes from the diffuse BLR emission. In addition, the ratio of the CE size and model-predicted disk size anticorrelates with the continuum luminosity, which is indicative of a potential nondisk BLR lag contribution evolving with the luminosity. Finally, a robust positive correlation between the CE size and black hole mass is detected.2022ApJ...940...20Ghttps://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/cat/J/ApJ/940/20CatalogResearchIsServedByTAP VizieR generic serviceIsServedByConesearch servicerelated-toVII/294 : The Million Quasars (Milliquas) catalogue, version 8 (Flesch, 2023)J/A+AS/110/469 : AGN from the RASS (Bade+, 1995)J/A+AS/128/507 : The Hamburg Quasar Survey. II. (Engels+ 1998)J/A+AS/139/575 : RASS AGN sample (Wei+, 1999)J/ApJ/613/682 : AGN central masses & broad-line regions (Peterson+, 2004)J/ApJ/622/129 : Lag-luminosity relationship in AGN (Sergeev+, 2005)J/ApJS/166/470 : SDSS-Spitzer type I QSOs IR photometry (Richards+, 2006)J/MNRAS/383/581 : Broad-line Balmer decrements in blue AGN (Dong+, 2008)J/ApJ/698/895 : Variations in QSOs optical flux (Kelly+, 2009)J/ApJ/753/106 : QSO variability with SDSS and POSS imaging (MacLeod+, 2012)J/ApJ/788/48 : X-ray through NIR photometry of NGC 2617 (Shappee+, 2014)J/ApJS/217/26 : Lick AGN monitoring 2011: light curves (Barth+, 2015)J/ApJ/806/22 : SEAMBHs IV. H{beta} time lags (Du+, 2015)J/ApJ/806/129 : Space telescope RM project. II. Swift data (Edelson+, 2015)J/AJ/151/24 : LAMOST quasar survey: QSO properties from the DR1 (Ai+, 2016)J/ApJ/821/56 : Space telescope RM project. III. NGC 5548 (Fausnaugh+, 2016)J/ApJ/840/41 : X-ray/UV Swift monitoring of NGC 4151 (Edelson+, 2017)J/ApJ/851/21 : SDSS RM project first year of observations (Grier+, 2017)J/ApJ/836/186 : Continuum-band lags in SDSS QSOs from PS1 obs. (Jiang+, 2017)J/AJ/155/189 : LAMOST Quasar Survey: QSO properties from DR2&3 (Dong+, 2018)J/ApJ/854/107 : Light curves of 2 Seyfert 1 galaxies (Fausnaugh+, 2018)J/ApJ/862/123 : griz light curves of 15 DES quasars (Mudd+, 2018)J/ApJ/854/158 : z<0.5 PG quasars IR energy distributions (Shangguan+, 2018)J/ApJ/870/123 : Swift optical & UV flux of four AGNs (Edelson+, 2019)J/ApJ/880/126 : SDSS RM project: continuum lags (Homayouni+, 2019)J/ApJS/243/21 : Broad-line AGN from SDSS-DR7 (Liu+, 2019)J/ApJS/241/34 : SDSS Reverberation Mapping (SDSS-RM) project (Shen+, 2019)J/ApJS/240/6 : LAMOST Quasar Survey: Data Releases 4 and 5 (Yao+, 2019)J/ApJ/896/1 : SEAMBHs. XI. Mrk 142 X-ray to optical LCs (Cackett+, 2020)J/ApJS/249/17 : SDSS QSO DR14 spectral properties (Rakshit+, 2020)J/ApJ/925/52 : LAMP 2016: velocity-resolved Hb lags in Seyfert (U+, 2022)https://cds.unistra.fr/vizier-org/licences_vizier.htmlhttps://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJ/940/20https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJ/940/20http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJ/940/20https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJ/940/20https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJ/940/20http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJ/940/20GETtext/xml+votablehttps://tapvizier.cds.unistra.fr/TAPVizieR/tapCone search capability for table J/ApJ/940/20/table3 (Catalog)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/940/20/table3?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/940/20/table3?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/940/20/table3?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true0.460711.279790.0055555555555555566/2094 2207 2229 2245 2248 2444 2456 2581 2584-2585 2601 2610 2615 2644 2663 2666 2696 2747 2754 5141 5244 5355 5409 5429 5481 5499-5500 5504 5712 5913 6055 6062 6081 6096-6097 6111 6113 6138 7488 7508 7515 7518 7536 7558 7621 7664 8220 8230 8246 8261 8299 8336 8386 8392-8393 8396 8449 8451 8462 8508 8510 8513 8528 8606 8622 8636 8700 8811 8845 8858 8863 8881 8885 8893 8906 8908 8918 8924 8927 8941 8943 8963 8981 8985 8989 9005 9028 9031 9038 9048 9052 9064 9066 9068 9072 9099 9164 9181 9192 9194 9200 9213 9239 9250 9260 9276 9305 9314 9322 9333 9354 9377 9383 9398 9422 9432 9444 9457 9478 9483 9500 9504 9506 9509 9519 9611 9627 9633 9651 9672 9691 9716 9723 9743 9750 9753 9796 9844 9912 9955 9959 9967 10017 10039 10055 10128 10150 10156 10162 10184 10219 10250 10257 10269 10273 10307 10324 10338 10343 10385 10401 10405 10414 10424 10436 10464 10466 10468 10523 10532 10543 10603-10604 10619 10624 10633 10643 10680 10686 10689 10691 10694 10701 10706 10786 10801 10820 10828 10869 10871 10873 10881 10889 10912 10937 10955 10960 10995 11003 11061 11064 11077 11154 11174 11270 11273 11286 11351 11354 11388 11396 11437 11455 11473 11483 11490 11537 11557 11562 11574 11582 11586 11614 11629 11631 11658 11668 11686 11688 11706 11738 11747-11748 11753 11790 11813 11817 11821 11829 11872 11924 11942 11991 12025 12033 12038 12057 12140 12162 12209 12312 12317 12380 12405 12465 12547 12585 12708 12777 13365 13367 13382 13432 13434 13438 13458 13464 13504 13506 14520 14968 15023 15070 15122 15135 15147 15247 15267 15327 16011 16022 16027 16034 16036 16040 16042 16045 16051 16059 16109 16113 16298 16301 16563 16573 16781 16790 16819 16853 17075 17080 17364 17383-17384 17406 17627 17682 17731 17754 17797 17804 17819 17826 17829 17834 17839 17846 17896 18115 18125 18157 18170 18175 18506 18524 18551 18577 18582 18601 18606 18651 18747 18769-18770 18817 18897 18941 18961 19039 19066 19083 19139 19147 19189 19268 19314-19315 19405 19433 19443 19479 19526 19560 19567 19609 19651 19662 19668 19673 19700 19708 19716 19767 19874 19883 19886 19932 19934 19966 20079 20096 20142 20144 20172 20201 20272 20280 20283 20301 20309 20341 20400 20425 20446 25955 25961 25965 25992 26070 26500 26503 26509 26565 26568 26601 27917 27924 27982 28021 28024 28060 28083 28101 28131 28139 28446 28463 28508 28533 28539 28636 28639 28654 30071 30076 31448 31451 31462 31466 31477 31534-31535 31566 31649-31650 31658 31664 31995-31996 32344 32384 32437-32438 32451 32474 32492 32607 32658 32682-32683 32696 32698 48493 48614 49014 49117 49122https://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/moc/J/ApJ/940/20?format=asciiOpticaldefaultJ/ApJ/940/20/table3CatalogR2500JAV[0.1/21.1]? CE size at 2500{AA} based on observed inter-band lag modeling (R2500_JAV) (6)phys.size;em.UV.200-300nmfloatnullablee_R2500JAV[0/7.1]? Measurement error in R2500-JAV (R2500_ERR_JAV) (6)stat.error;phys.size;em.UV.200-300nmfloatnullableFlag[0/2]? Basic sample flag (FLAG_SAMPLE) (7)meta.code.errorintnullablerecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintSeq[1/455] Running sequence numbermeta.recordintRAJ2000Right ascension (J2000) (RA)degpos.eq.ra;meta.mainDEJ2000[-28/80] Declination (J2000) (DEC)degpos.eq.dec;meta.mainz[0.003/0.8] Spectroscopic redshift from the Million Quasar Catalog (MQC, VII/294)src.redshiftfloatRmag[8.2/17] Red optical magnitude from MQCmagphot.mag;em.opt.RfloatNameMQC source designation (see VII/294)meta.id;meta.maincharTypeMQC classification type (1)meta.code.classcharr_NameMQC Name reference (CITE) (2)meta.refcharr_zMQC z reference (ZCITE) (2)meta.ref;src.redshiftcharlag(g-r)c[-9.7/19.5] Observed centroid lag between g and r-band from ICCF (CEN_GR)dtime.interval;em.opt.B;em.opt.Rfloate_lag(g-r)c[0/19.1] Lower measurement error in lag(g-r)c (CEN_LOW_GR)dstat.error;stat.min;time.intervalfloatE_lag(g-r)c[0/21] Upper measurement error in lag(g-r)c (CEN_UP_GR)dstat.error;stat.max;time.intervalfloatlag(g-i)c[-21/25.3] Observed centroid lag between g and i-band from ICCF (CEN_GI)dtime.interval;em.opt.B;em.opt.Ifloate_lag(g-i)c[0/27.2] Lower measurement error in lag(g-i)c (CEN_LOW_GI)dstat.error;stat.min;time.intervalfloatE_lag(g-i)c[0/33.2] Upper measurement error in lag(g-i)c (CEN_UP_GI)dstat.error;stat.max;time.intervalfloatlag(g-r)pk[-7.8/19.2] Observed peak lag between g and r-band from ICCF (PEAK_GR)dtime.interval;em.opt.B;em.opt.Rfloate_lag(g-r)pk[0/18.4] Lower measurement error in lag(g-r)pk (PEAK_LOW_GR)dstat.error;stat.min;time.intervalfloatE_lag(g-r)pk[0/20.4] Upper measurement error in lag(g-r)pk (PEAK_UP_GR)dstat.error;stat.max;time.intervalfloatlag(g-i)pk[-20.2/25.2] Observed peak lag between g and i-band from ICCF (PEAK_GI)dtime.interval;em.opt.B;em.opt.Ifloate_lag(g-i)pk[0/27] Lower measurement error in lag(g-i)pk (PEAK_LOW_GI)dstat.error;stat.min;time.intervalfloatE_lag(g-i)pk[0/33.4] Upper measurement error in lag(g-i)pk (PEAK_UP_GI)dstat.error;stat.max;time.intervalfloatpGR[0/1] P-value for g-r lag from cross-correlation reliability test (P_GR)stat.correlation;em.opt.B;em.opt.RfloatpGI[0/0.5] P-value for g-i lag from cross-correlation reliability test (P_GI)stat.correlation;em.opt.B;em.opt.Ifloatlag(g-r)JAV[-10.3/25.4] Observed lag between g and r- band from JAVELIN (MED-GR-JAV)dtime.interval;em.opt.B;em.opt.Rfloate_lag(g-r)JAV[0/27.6] Lower measurement error in lag(g-r)JAV (ERR_LOW_GR_JAV)dstat.error;stat.min;time.intervalfloatE_lag(g-r)JAV[0.01/24.4] Upper measurement error in lag(g-r)JAV (ERR_UP_GR_JAV)dstat.error;stat.max;time.intervalfloatlag(g-i)JAV[-23.3/28] Observed lag between g and i-band from JAVELIN (MED_GI_JAV)dtime.interval;em.opt.B;em.opt.Ifloate_lag(g-i)JAV[0.03/46.4] Lower measurement error in lag(g-i)JAV (ERR_LOW_GI_JAV)dstat.error;stat.min;time.intervalfloatE_lag(g-i)JAV[0.07/39.3] Upper measurement error in lag(g-i)JAV (ERR_UP_GI_JAV)dstat.error;stat.max;time.intervalfloatL5100L19[42.47/45.2]? Log monochromatic luminosity at 5100{AA} from L19 (Liu+ 2019, J/ApJS/243/21); erg/s (L5100_L19)log(1e-07W)phys.luminosity;em.opt.VfloatnullablelogBHL19[6/9.2]? Log virial BH mass based on H{beta} from L19 (LOGBH_L19) (3)log(solMass)phys.massfloatnullableL19Display data from Liu+ 2019, J/ApJS/243/21 within 3"meta.ref.urlintnullableL5100R20[43.8/46.3]? Log monochromatic luminosity at 5100{AA} from R20 (Rakshit+ 2020, J/ApJS/249/17); erg/s (L5100_R20)log(1e-07W)phys.luminosity;em.opt.VfloatnullablelogBHR20[7/10]? Log virial BH mass based on H{beta} from R20 (LOGBH_R20) (4)log(solMass)phys.massfloatnullableL5100S18[43.6/46.2]? Log monochromatic luminosity at 5100{AA} from S18 (Shangguan+ 2018, J/ApJ/854/158); erg/s (L5100_S18)log(1e-07W)phys.luminosity;em.opt.VfloatnullablelogBHS18[7/10]? Log virial BH mass based on H{beta} from S18 (LOGBH_S18) (4)log(solMass)phys.massfloatnullableS18Display data from Shangguan+ 2018, J/ApJ/854/158 within 3"meta.ref.urlintnullableL5100RM[42.88/45.7]? Log monochromatic luminosity at 5100{AA} from RM (L5100_RM)log(1e-07W)phys.luminosity;em.opt.VfloatnullablelogBHRM[6.9/9.1]? Log RM BH mass based on H{beta} (LOGBH_RM) (5)log(solMass)phys.massfloatnullableL5100LA[0/46.2]? Log monochromatic luminosity at 5100{AA} from LAMOST (L5100_LAMOST)log(1e-07W)phys.luminosity;em.opt.VfloatnullablelogBHLA[0/10]? Log virial BH mass based on H{beta} from LAMOST DR1 to DR5 (LOGBH_LAMOST) (4)log(solMass)phys.massfloatnullableL5100m[43/46.2]? Log monochromatic luminosity at 5100{AA} from self-measurements (L5100_MEASURED)log(1e-07W)phys.luminosity;em.opt.VfloatnullablelogBHm[6.6/9.5]? Log virial BH mass based on H{beta} (LOGBH_MEASURED) (4)log(solMass)phys.massfloatnullableL5100[42.47/46.3]? Log adopted fiducial monochromatic luminosity at 5100{AA} (L5100)log(1e-07W)phys.luminosity;em.opt.VfloatnullablelogBH[6/10]? Log adopted fiducial virial BH mass (LOGBH)log(solMass)phys.massfloatnullablelogEdd[0.003/4]? Eddington ratio based on fiducial luminosity & BH mass (LOG_EDD)phys.luminosity;arith.ratiofloatnullableR2500SSD[0.04/7.6]? Shakura-Sunyaev disk (SSD) predicted disk size at 2500{AA} based on Eq 2 (R2500_SSD) (6)phys.size;em.UV.200-300nmfloatnullableR2500ICCF[0.08/13.2]? CE size at 2500{AA} based on observed inter-band lag modeling (R2500_ICCF) (6)phys.size;em.UV.200-300nmfloatnullablee_R2500ICCF[0/3]? Measurement error in R2500-ICCF (R2500_ERR_ICCF) (6)stat.error;phys.size;em.UV.200-300nmfloatnullable