J/ApJ/935/43ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJ/935/43doi:10.26093/cds/vizier.19350043CDSGetman K.V.Feigelson E.D.Garmire G.P.Broos P.S.Kuhn M.A.,Preibisch T.Airapetian V.S.2024-11-06T20:26:51Z2024-06-20T07:22:28ZCDS support team

CDS, Observatoire de Strasbourg, 11 rue de l'Universite, F-67000 Strasbourg, France

cds-question@unistra.frx-ray-sourcesstar-forming-regionspre-main-sequence-starsMeasuring the evolution of X-ray emission from pre-main-sequence (PMS) stars gives insight into two issues: the response of magnetic dynamo processes to changes in the interior structure, and the effects of high-energy radiation on protoplanetary disks and primordial planetary atmospheres. We present a sample of 6003 stars with ages 7-25Myr in 10 nearby open clusters from Chandra X-ray and Gaia-EDR3 surveys. Combined with previous results in large samples of younger (<~5Myr) stars in MYStIX and SFiNCs star-forming regions, mass- stratified activity-age relations are derived for the early phases of stellar evolution. X-ray luminosity (LX) is constant during the first few Myr, possibly due to the presence of extended X-ray coronas insensitive to temporal changes in stellar size. LX then decays during the 7-25Myr period, more rapidly as stellar mass increases. This decay is interpreted as decreasing efficiency of the {alpha}2 dynamo as radiative cores grow and a solar-type {alpha}{Omega} dynamo emerges. For more massive 3.5-7M{sun} fully radiative stars, the X-ray emission plummets-indicating the lack of an effective magnetic dynamo. The findings provide improved measurements of high-energy radiation effects on circumstellar material, first for the protoplanetary disk and then for the atmospheres of young planets. The observed X-ray luminosities can be so high that an inner Earth-mass rocky, unmagnetized planet around a solar-mass PMS star might lose its primary and secondary atmospheres within a few (several) million years. PMS X-ray emission may thus have a significant impact on the evolution of early-planetary atmospheres and the conditions promoting the rise of habitability.2022ApJ...935...43Ghttps://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/cat/J/ApJ/935/43CatalogResearchIsServedByTAP VizieR generic serviceIsServedByConesearch servicerelated-toI/337 : Gaia DR1 (Gaia Collaboration, 2016)I/347 : Distances to 1.33 billion stars in Gaia DR2 (Bailer-Jones+, 2018)I/350 : Gaia EDR3 (Gaia Collaboration, 2020)I/354 : StarHorse2, Gaia EDR3 photo-astrometric distances (Anders+, 2022)J/ApJ/315/687 : X-Ray emission from solar-type stars F and G (Maggio+, 1987)J/ApJ/574/258 : Xray-emitting young stars in Orion nebula (Feigelson+, 2002)J/A+A/397/147 : Activity-rotation relationship in stars (Pizzolato+ 2003)J/ApJS/160/319 : COUP; observations and source lists (Getman+, 2005)J/A+A/468/353 : XMM-Newton Extended Survey of Taurus (Guedel+, 2007)J/ApJ/708/1760 : Flux estimations of faint X-ray sources (Getman+, 2010)J/ApJ/743/48 : Stars with rotation per & X-ray luminosities (Wright+, 2011)J/A+A/539/A64 : X-ray data for IC 348 young stars (Alexander+, 2012)J/ApJ/747/51 : Lagoon Nebula stars. I. Rotation periods (Henderson+, 2012)J/ApJS/209/32 : Probable young stars in the MYStIX project (Broos+, 2013)J/ApJS/209/27 : MYStIX; the Chandra X-ray sources (Kuhn+, 2013)J/ApJ/787/109 : Age estimates for NGC 2024 and ONC stars (Getman+, 2014)J/ApJ/787/108 : Age estimates massive SFR star populations (Getman+, 2014)J/MNRAS/441/2361 : Stellar magnetism, age and rotation (Vidotto+, 2014)J/ApJ/802/60 : Structure of young stellar clusters. II. (Kuhn+, 2015)J/A+A/589/A113 : PMS stars in h Per (Argiroffi+, 2016)J/ApJS/229/28 : SFiNCs; X-ray, IR and membership catalogs (Getman+, 2017)J/A+A/605/A85 : NGC 3293 Chandra X-ray observation (Preibisch+, 2017)J/A+A/620/A55 : Magnetic flaring from PMS stars spectra (Flaccomio+, 2018)J/MNRAS/476/1213 : Ages for stars in 19 clusters (Getman+, 2018)J/MNRAS/477/298 : Young star clusters nearby molecular clouds (Getman+, 2018)J/AJ/156/271 : The stellar membership of the Taurus SFR (Luhman, 2018)J/MNRAS/477/5191 : Galactic young stellar cluster lifetimes (Richert+, 2018)J/MNRAS/487/2977 : Runaway stellar groups in the Orion A cloud (Getman+, 2019)J/ApJ/870/32 : Kinematics young star clusters & associations (Kuhn+, 2019)J/ApJS/244/28 : 3rd MSFRs Omnibus X-ray Catalog (MOXC3) (Townsley+, 2019)J/A+A/633/A99 : Gaia DR2 open clusters Milky Way. II (Cantat-Gaudin+, 2020)J/A+A/640/A1 : Portrait Galactic disc (Cantat-Gaudin+, 2020)J/AJ/160/44 : Upper Scorpius spectroscopy and photometry (Luhman+, 2020)J/A+A/648/A121 : X-ray activity and accretion in the ONC (Flaischlen+, 2021)J/ApJ/916/32 : X-ray superflares PMS stars MYStIX & SFiNCs (Getman+, 2021)J/A+A/649/A3 : Gaia EDR3 photometric passbands (Riello+, 2021)J/A+A/661/A29 : First eROSITA study of nearby M dwarfs (Magaudda+, 2022)J/AJ/163/68 : Fiducial stellar spectrum of HD 63433 (Zhang+, 2022)https://cds.unistra.fr/vizier-org/licences_vizier.htmlhttps://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJ/935/43https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJ/935/43http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJ/935/43https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJ/935/43https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJ/935/43http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJ/935/43GETtext/xml+votablehttps://tapvizier.cds.unistra.fr/TAPVizieR/tapCone search capability for table J/ApJ/935/43/table2 (X-ray Sources Towards 10 Open Clusters)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/935/43/table2?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/935/43/table2?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/935/43/table2?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true61.6193038962.295876110.005555555555555556Cone search capability for table J/ApJ/935/43/table3 (Gaia-EDR3 Properties Of Non-X-ray And X-ray Sources Towards 10 Open Clusters)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/935/43/table3?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/935/43/table3?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/935/43/table3?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true61.9705938962.327418060.005555555555555556Cone search capability for table J/ApJ/935/43/table4 (Stellar Properties Of Non-X-ray And X-ray Members Of 10 Open Clusters)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/935/43/table4?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/935/43/table4?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/935/43/table4?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true61.9705938962.327418060.005555555555555556Cone search capability for table J/ApJ/935/43/table6 (Stellar Properties of MYStIX and SFiNCs Members)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/935/43/table6?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/935/43/table6?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/935/43/table6?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true0.1411567.412846110.0055555555555555565/5514 10614-10615 6/859 862 1231 1285 1287 1296 1298 1538-1539 3256-3258 3307 3378 3384 3649 3755 3758-3759 13050-13051 14029 14031 14040 14042 14621 14623 14682 14704 15662-15663 15681-15684 15688-15689 15748-15749 16197 21438-21439 21447 21456 21458-21459 22243 22249 22804-22805 22855 22867 22873 22876 22878 23637 23639 23762-23763 23768-23769 24508 24510 28890-28891 28913 28915 29116 29118 29461 29463 29504 29506 30341 30343 30352 30366 37333 37865 37872 37884 37886 37901 37912 37923 37926 38016 38018-38019 38024-38025 39907 42441 43027 43030 43033 430361.9867573869263685e-19 3.916500758235022e-19https://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/moc/J/ApJ/935/43?format=asciiX-raydefaultJ/ApJ/935/43/table2X-ray Sources Towards 10 Open ClustersSimbadSimbad column added by the CDSmeta.ref.urlcharrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintRegionRegionmeta.idcharCXOUIAU Designation, CXOU JHHMMSS.ss+/-DDMMSS.smeta.id;meta.maincharRAJ2000[34/194] Right Ascension (J2000)degpos.eq.ra;meta.mainindexedDEJ2000[-62/63] Declination, decimal degrees (J2000)degpos.eq.dec;meta.mainindexedCnet[0.1/2182] Net counts, (0.5-8)keV bandctphot.count;em.X-rayfloate_Cnet[1/48] Uncertainty (average of upper and lower 1{sigma}) on Cnetctstat.errorfloatPFlux[-7.645/-3.719] log, apparent photometric flux, (0.5-8)keV band (1)ph.cm**-2.s**-1phot.fluxfloatME[0.5/7.7] Background-corrected median photon energy, (0.5-8)keV bandkeVem.energyfloatGroup[5/10] Source Class (2)src.classintJ/ApJ/935/43/table3Gaia-EDR3 Properties Of Non-X-ray And X-ray Sources Towards 10 Open ClustersrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintRegionRegionmeta.idcharRAJ2000[34/194] Right Ascension, Gaia EDR3, decimal degrees (J2000 at Epoch=2000)degpos.eq.ra;meta.mainindexedDEJ2000[-62/63] Declination, Gaia EDR3, decimal degrees (J2000 at Epoch=2000)degpos.eq.dec;meta.mainindexedGroup[1/8] Source Class (1)src.classintplx[-8.83/9.28] Gaia EDR3 parallaxmaspos.parallax.trigfloate_plx[0.009/3] Uncertainty in plxmasstat.error;pos.parallaxfloatpmRA[-86.6/32.7] Proper motion in RA, Gaia EDR3mas/yrpos.pm;pos.eq.rafloate_pmRA[0.008/3] Uncertainty in pmRAmas/yrstat.error;pos.pm;pos.eq.rafloatpmDE[-32.2/29.1] Proper motion in DE, Gaia EDR3mas/yrpos.pm;pos.eq.decfloate_pmDE[0.009/3] Uncertainty in pmDEmas/yrstat.error;pos.pm;pos.eq.decfloatGmag[5.48/21.04]? Gaia EDR3 G-band magnitudemagphot.mag;em.opt.Vfloatnullablee_Gmag[0.003/0.058]? Uncertainty in Gmagmagstat.error;phot.magfloatnullableBP-RP[-0.684/4.627]? Gaia BP - RP colormagphot.color;em.opt.B;em.opt.Rfloatnullablee_BP-RP[0.005/5.564]? Uncertainty in BP-RPmagstat.errorfloatnullableJ/ApJ/935/43/table4Stellar Properties Of Non-X-ray And X-ray Members Of 10 Open ClustersrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintRegionRegionmeta.idcharRAJ2000[34/194] Right Ascension, Gaia EDR3, decimal degrees (J2000 at Epoch=2000)degpos.eq.ra;meta.mainDEJ2000[-62/63] Declination, Gaia EDR3, decimal degrees (J2000 at Epoch=2000)degpos.eq.dec;meta.mainGroup[1/6] Source Class (1)src.classintlogTeff[3.43/4.46] log, Stellar effective temperature (2)log(K)phys.temperature.effectivefloatMstar[0.14/21.34] Stellar mass (2)solMassphys.massfloatlogLbol[-2.04/5.04] log, bolometric luminosity (2)log(solLum)phys.luminosityfloatlogLX[28.6/31.57]? Log, X-ray luminosity, erg/slog(1e-07W)phys.luminosity;em.X-rayfloatnullablelogLXup[28.46/31.06]? Log, upper limit X-ray luminosity, erg/slog(1e-07W)phys.luminosity;em.X-rayfloatnullableF1[0/1] Cluster center flag (3)meta.code.errorintPh[1/14] HR diagram flag (4)meta.code.errorintF2[0/1] Gaia photometric consistency flag (5)meta.code.error;photintJ/ApJ/935/43/table6Stellar Properties of MYStIX and SFiNCs MembersrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintRegionRegionmeta.idcharRAJ2000[0/347] Right Ascension, decimal degrees (J2000)degpos.eq.ra;meta.mainindexedDEJ2000[-62/76] Declination, decimal degrees (J2000)degpos.eq.dec;meta.mainindexedME[0.5/7.5]? X-ray median energy, (0.5-8) keV bandkeVphys.energy;stat.medianfloatnullableAVmag[-24.3/71.2]? Visual extinctionmagphys.absorptionfloatnullableAge[0.1/16.2]? Stellar age (2)Myrtime.agefloatnullablelogTeff[3.41/4.78]? log, Stellar effective temperature (3)log(K)phys.temperature.effectivefloatnullableMstar[0.1/329.7]? Stellar mass (3)solMassphys.massfloatnullablelogLbol[-1.78/6.93]? log, bolometric luminosity (3)log(solLum)phys.luminosityfloatnullablelogLX[27.4/33.7]? log, X-ray luminosity, (0.5-8)keV band, erg/slog(1e-07W)phys.luminosity;em.X-rayfloatnullableEvol[1/5]? Evolutionary phase (4)time.ageintnullableCXOUIAU Designation, CXOU JHHMMSS.ss+/-DDMMSS.s (1)meta.id;meta.mainchar