J/ApJ/931/L15ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJ/931/L15doi:10.26093/cds/vizier/ba-x3/wbfCDSStefansson G.Mahadevan S.Petrovich C.Winn J.N.Kanodia S.,Millholland S.C.Maney M.Canas C.I.Wisniewski J.Robertson P.,Ninan J.P.Ford E.B.Bender C.F.Blake C.H.Cegla H.Cochran W.D.,Diddams S.A.Dong J.Endl M.Fredrick C.Halverson S.Hearty F.,Hebb L.Hirano T.Lin A.S.J.Logsdon S.E.Lubar E.McElwain M.W.,Metcalf A.J.Monson A.Rajagopal J.Ramsey L.W.Roy A.Schwab C.,Schweiker H.Terrien R.C.Wright J.T.2026-07-02T11:58:37Z2025-03-26T15:26:22ZCDS support team

CDS, Observatoire de Strasbourg, 11 rue de l'Universite, F-67000 Strasbourg, France

cds-question@unistra.frexoplanetsvisible-astronomyspectroscopyradial-velocityphotometryThe warm Neptune GJ 3470b transits a nearby (d=29 pc) bright slowly rotating M1.5-dwarf star. Using spectroscopic observations during two transits with the newly commissioned NEID spectrometer on the WIYN 3.5m Telescope at Kitt Peak Observatory, we model the classical Rossiter-McLaughlin effect, yielding a sky-projected obliquity of {lambda}=98_-12_^+15^{deg} and a vsini=0.85_-0.33_^+0.27^km/s. Leveraging information about the rotation period and size of the host star, our analysis yields a true obliquity of {psi}=95_-8_^+9^{deg}, revealing that GJ 3470b is on a polar orbit. Using radial velocities from HIRES, HARPS, and the Habitable-zone Planet Finder, we show that the data are compatible with a long-term radial velocity (RV) slope of \dot{gamma}=-0.0022+/-0.0011m/s/d over a baseline of 12.9yr. If the RV slope is due to acceleration from another companion in the system, we show that such a companion is capable of explaining the polar and mildly eccentric orbit of GJ 3470b using two different secular excitation models. The existence of an outer companion can be further constrained with additional RV observations, Gaia astrometry, and future high-contrast imaging observations. Lastly, we show that tidal heating from GJ 3470b's mild eccentricity has most likely inflated the radius of GJ 3470b by a factor of ~1.5-1.7, which could help account for its evaporating atmosphere.2022ApJ...931L..15Shttps://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/cat/J/ApJ/931/L15CatalogResearchIsServedByTAP VizieR generic servicerelated-toI/347 : Distances to 1.33 billion stars in Gaia DR2 (Bailer-Jones+, 2018)J/ApJ/723/L223 : Radial velocities of HAT-P-11 (Winn+, 2010)J/ApJ/757/18 : RVel for 16 hot Jupiter host stars (Albrecht+, 2012)J/A+A/546/A27 : Radial velocity and photometry for GJ3470 (Bonfils+, 2012)J/A+A/559/A32 : Light curves of GJ3470b (Nascimbeni+, 2013)J/AJ/155/255 : RVel and activity measurements of HAT-P-11 (Yee+, 2018)J/AJ/157/97 : RVel measurements of K2-3 & GJ3470 (Kosiarek+, 2019)J/AJ/159/18 : Jovian-type planets around M dwarfs with MIRI (Brande+, 2020)J/AJ/159/100 : Flux & RVs of G9-40 with K2 & HPF (Stefansson+, 2020)J/AJ/160/192 : Photometry and RVs of K2-25b with HPF (Stefansson+, 2020)J/AJ/159/19 : SOAR TESS survey. I. (Ziegler+, 2020)J/AJ/161/70 : RVel for WASP-107 with HIRES & CORALIE (Piaulet+, 2021)J/AJ/161/119 : The TESS-Keck survey. IV. Rvel for WASP-107 (Rubenzahl+, 2021)https://cds.unistra.fr/vizier-org/licences_vizier.htmlhttps://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJ/931/L15https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJ/931/L15http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJ/931/L15https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJ/931/L15https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJ/931/L15http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJ/931/L15GETtext/xml+votablehttps://tapvizier.cds.unistra.fr/TAPVizieR/tapOpticaldefaultJ/ApJ/931/L15/fig1abDiffuser assisted transits taken with the 3.5m Telescope at Apache Point ObservatoryGp[0.999/1.007] GP Red Noise Modelinstr.det.noise;meta.modelleddoubleTransit[1/2] Transit numbermeta.idintrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintBJDBarycentric Julian Date at TDBdtime.epochdoubleFlux[0.99/1.01] Normalized fluxphot.flux;arith.ratiodoublee_Flux[0.00078/0.0011] Uncertainty in Fluxstat.error;phot.fluxdoubleModel[0.993/1.007] Transit and Gaussian Process Red Noise Modelinstr.det.noise;meta.modelleddoubleJ/ApJ/931/L15/fig1cdIn transit WIYN/NEID radial velocitiesrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintBJDBarycentric Julian Date at TDBdtime.epochdoubleRV[-9/5] Radial velocitym/sphys.veloc;pos.heliocentricfloate_RV[1.4/6] Error on RVm/sstat.errorfloatTransit[0/1] Transit - transit numbermeta.idintJ/ApJ/931/L15/fig23Table including out-of-transit RVs obtained with HARPS, HIRES and HPF as shown in Figure 2 and activity indicators as shown in Figure 3recnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintBJDBarycentric Julian Date at TDBdtime.epochdoubleRV[-16/17] Radial velocity (Figure 2)m/sphys.veloc;pos.heliocentricfloate_RV[1.4/17.4] Error on RV (Figure 2)m/sstat.errorfloatHa[0.84/1]? H-alpha index as calculated by SERVAL (Figure 3)spect.index;meta.modelledfloatnullablee_Ha[0.003/0.008]? Error on Hastat.errorfloatnullableSHK[0.24/2.4]? Ca II H & K index (Figure 3)spect.indexfloatnullablee_SHK[0.0098/0.06]? Error on SHKstat.errorfloatnullableInstInstrument name (1)meta.id;instrchar